{"id":797,"date":"2016-05-11T19:53:45","date_gmt":"2016-05-11T19:53:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fourwallspublishing.com\/BlogMChaney\/?p=797"},"modified":"2024-02-08T13:34:42","modified_gmt":"2024-02-08T13:34:42","slug":"heads-up-theory-football-helmets-and-brain-disease-1883-1962","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/fourwallspublishing.com\/BlogMChaney\/?p=797","title":{"rendered":"Football Helmets, ‘HEADS UP’ THEORY and Brain Disease, 1883-1962"},"content":{"rendered":"

Today\u2019s football officials like NFL commissioner Roger Goodell tout their safety measures as new, including Heads Up “technique\u201d for headless hitting\u2014but historical news and medical literature tell a different story<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Brain Injury in American Football: 130 Years of Knowledge and Denial<\/strong><\/p>\n

Part Three\u00a0in a Series<\/span><\/p>\n

By Matt Chaney, ChaneysBlog.com<\/p>\n

Posted Wednesday, May 11, 2016<\/p>\n

Copyright\u00a0\u00a92016 by Matthew L. Chaney<\/p>\n

I. Introduction<\/p>\n

II.\u00a01883-1906: Anti-Butting Rule, \u2018Head Up\u2019 for Safer Football<\/p>\n

III.\u00a01909-1915: Open\u00a0Game Spurs High Tackling, Call for \u2018Heads Up\u2019<\/p>\n

IV. 1920s: ‘Punch Drunk’ Questions, An Answer\u00a0by Martland<\/p>\n

V. 1930s: CTE Evidence, Debate Cast Football as Causal\u00a0Suspect<\/p>\n

VI. 1940: Plastic Helmet Panacea, Psychiatrists Coin CTE Term<\/p>\n

VII. 1962: Reselling Anti-Concussion Helmets and Heads Up<\/p>\n

This post is dedicated to Donnovan Hill, 18, who died today in his homestate California, a mighty young man<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Controversy overtook American football again by 1960, reigniting debate and recommendations for the collision sport. A scourge of brain and spinal injuries threatened football\u2019s standing, particularly at thousands of schools and youth leagues.<\/p>\n

Football boasted an estimated 2.5 million players, including a million prepubescent kids. The American Medical Association wanted doctors on sidelines during games, and some AMA physicians labeled tackle football as inappropriate for children.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe have itsy-bitsy leagues of all descriptions, and we don\u2019t have to like them,\u201d said Dr. Robert R. MacDonald, of Pittsburgh, speaking with\u00a0Time<\/em>\u00a0magazine. \u201cThe overwhelming opinion among physicians is against contact sports for elementary and junior high school students.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cChildren are not little men,\u201d said another doctor, unidentified, speaking at an AMA meeting in Washington, D.C. \u201cCutting down the field and changing the rules doesn\u2019t make football a kid\u2019s sport.\u201d<\/p>\n

Health writer\u00a0Dr. William Brady<\/a>\u00a0condemned football for juveniles and insinuated that most medical professionals stood by silently. \u201cWith almost no exception, physicians, orthopedic surgeons, and physical education instructors who are not afraid to be counted say football is a grown man\u2019s game and not a game for growing boys,\u201d Brady declared in his national newspaper column. \u201cIt is dangerous enough for college or university men.\u201d<\/p>\n

American football had withstood crisis before, including for \u201cconcussion\u201d or traumatic brain injury<\/em>, \u00a0TBI, of varied description. But after World War II the public cringed over player collisions in hard-shell helmets, and scrutiny fell upon football\u2019s growth sector of grade-school and \u201cpeewee\u201d leagues. In 1956 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended no tackle football for boys until high school.<\/p>\n

Plastic helmets had been released commercially during the war, a technical collaboration between football and military designers that changed collision risk on the gridiron. A review of football fatalities from 1947 to 1959 found prime causation shifting away from abdominal bleeding and infection to damages of the brain and neck.<\/p>\n

Football was compelled to respond, along with associate enterprises of sports medicine and helmet manufacturing. This unofficial alliance shared profit synergy and motive to\u00a0expand football, especially among Baby Boomer children, while trying to alleviate casualties and answer critics.<\/p>\n

Football officials and associates\u2014including many doctors, AMA members\u2014acknowledged disability and death could never be eliminated, even for kids. But they promised \u201csafer football\u201d that reduced casualties to an unspecified minimum, and their ideas poured forth, disseminated by news media who questioned little for concept validity, reliability or feasibility.<\/p>\n

The 1960s helmets would prevent concussion, finally, declared the \u201cfootball experts.\u201d Anti-TBI models had failed since 1899, starting with patent sole-leather, but now the experts touted polycarbonate plastic shells, rigid facemasks, interior liners and padded covers. They extolled space-age helmet gadgetry, transistor sensors to measure g-forces of head blows, in the all-out research mission of football safety.<\/p>\n

Football organizers, coaches, game doctors and academics spoke of rule changes and headless<\/em> hitting, based on \u201cproper coaching\u201d for safe blocking, tackling and running. Helmet \u201cspearing\u201d and facemask butting were denounced, and in 1962 the college coaches association emphasized \u201cheads up\u201d form for players\u2014anti-butting theory already applied in American football, unsuccessfully, for<\/em> 79 years<\/em>.<\/p>\n

1883-1906: Anti-Butting Rule, ‘Head Up’\u00a0For Safer Football<\/strong><\/p>\n

American athletics expanded along with industry in the 19th<\/sup> century, booming after the Civil War, and sport casualties became a national health problem. Injuries to head and neck led every mainstream sport to ban \u201cbutting,\u201d but in tackle football the policy was inapplicable among forward-colliding players.<\/p>\n

Rules of American football, based on rugby, evolved to set a line of scrimmage between opposing teams, to designate ball possession for one side at a time, and to assess loss of possession for a team’s failure to advance five yards in three downs. Blocking lines formed, disallowed in rugby, and ramming became prevalent in American football, with injurious collisions reported routinely by newspapers, especially of the \u201crush line.\u201d<\/p>\n

In 1883 the athlete-managed Intercollegiate Football Association [IFA] outlawed butting<\/em>, defined as Striking a man with the shoulder or head<\/em>. P<\/span>roblems rose immediately, challenging\u00a0chief rulemaker Walter Camp for his multi-interests of football<\/a>\u2014he also refereed games, coached the Yale team, wrote for publishers. America recognized Camp, a 24-year-old Yale graduate and former player, as preeminent authority of “foot ball.”<\/p>\n

Referees like Camp could do little to enforce anti-butting within football’s daring runs and thrilling collisions demanded by spectators. Referees only made cursory calls against head-on strikes, citing the most flagrant violations, and the inconsistency ignited controversy when penalties affected victory or defeat.<\/p>\n

Trouble struck late in a game of 1885, when Lehigh center Ross Pierce was ejected for butting a Lafayette player, leading to game forfeit. \u201cLehigh claimed that this was an unjust decision,\u201d reported The Wilkes-Barre Times<\/em>. \u201dThe Lehigh faculty ordered the men off the field, whereupon the referee [W.C. Posey], as compelled by the rules, gave the game to Lafayette.\u201d<\/p>\n

Elsewhere, Yale was notorious as a butting team<\/a>, and Coach Camp\u2019s affinity for head-knocking play reflected in his comportment as field referee. Camp, for example, conspicuously ignored the violation while refereeing a game of Harvard versus Princeton, which The New York Sun<\/em> described as \u201ca contest in butting and wrestling\u201d highlighted by \u201cbattering ram\u201d hits.<\/p>\n

Terrible injuries piled up for American football, including for unrestrained \u201cslugging,\u201d fist punches. Concussion of the brain<\/em> occurred nationwide, per press reports, along with deaths from cerebral and spinal damage, and rulemakers caught ridicule, particularly since most doubled as inept referees like Camp. The IFA committee promised strict rules enforcement in 1887, adding an “umpire” to aid the referee in a game, and commanding team captains to police player behavior.<\/p>\n

Officials analyzed collision contact in hope of eliminating dangerous \u201chigh tackling.\u201d Coaches and football-friendly professors penned how-to layouts on safe tackling published in newspapers, complete with illustrations. Players were instructed to strike with shoulder and chest while keeping head to one side, out of harm\u2019s way. \u201cFoul tackling\u201d was defined as hits below the waist and above neckline. But nothing changed and rulemakers acted again, sanctioning blocking on offense while lowering the legal tackle zone to above the knees. Coaches preached \u201clow tackling\u201d with \u201ceyes open\u201d to avoid head shots from churning thighs and feet.<\/p>\n

But contact theory and policy could not alter the necessary, inherent ramming of football, and Camp took flak for his officiating fiasco at the 1888 Thanksgiving game between Wesleyan and the University of Pennsylvania.<\/p>\n

\u201cOnly one man was disqualified,\u201d observed The New York Tribune<\/em>, \u201cwhen there should have been a half dozen.\u201d The New York Times<\/em>, under its sarcastic headline \u201cNot A Man Killed,\u201d reported \u201cboth teams endeavored to find out which possessed the most force as battering rams, and they were ramming away most cheerfully when time was called at 4:45, just as it was growing too dark to see.\u201d<\/p>\n

Camp responded to the New York press, laying blame for the bloody contest onto players of Penn and Wesleyan, alleging they failed to \u201ctackle properly.\u201d His\u00a0IFA rules committee huddled further, dropping the term \u201cbutting\u201d from code in official printings of 1890, with the edition edited by Camp and published by his business associates at Spalding equipment company.<\/p>\n

Thus America’s first football rule to address butting was erased, and Camp proclaimed head hits legal except when a tackler draped a runner\u2019s neck, \u201cthrottling\u201d or choking him.\u00a0Indeed, Camp\u2019s Yale teams capitalized on attacking \u201clike human pile-drivers,\u201d stated a national story. Likewise, for college teams that Camp advised on his California sojourns, \u201cThe head or skull of a contestant is quite frequently called into service,\u201d reported The San Francisco Call<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Yale stood peerless for winning football and most recently for revolutionary isolation blocking<\/a>, sending men through line holes to clear downfield for ball-carriers. Yale players were proficient in head-butting defenders, raved\u00a0journalists and game insiders. \u201cYale\u2019s rush line was too strong for Princeton. It was like a battering ram,\u201d newspapers reported of the 1890 game<\/a> on Thanksgiving.<\/p>\n

Brain casualties were acceptable for Camp, but likewise for all football officials and fans, or the game could not exist. Newspapers of the Gay Nineties commonly reported “concussion of the brain” in football<\/a>, among descriptions of TBI incidents from New York to the Hawaiian Islands. Player symptoms publicized besides \u201cknockout\u201d included headache, memory loss, nausea, balance dysfunction, personality change and mood swings.<\/p>\n

Medical specialists treated TBI casualties of early football for all degrees of severity, down to diagnosing \u201cslight concussion\u201d through clinical criteria recognized for decades. \u201cCerebral concussion with persistent symptoms was described by Boyer in 1822, Astley Cooper in 1827, and Dupuytren in 1839,\u201d observed Dr. Randolph W. Evans in 1994,<\/a>\u00a0reviewing the literature timeline.<\/p>\n

Physicians of the 1890s could recognize TBI in football players, acute symptoms such as amnesia and violent behavior, but there existed no validated treatment nor reliable injury management. Conservative approach dictated rest and isolation for concussed football players, and doctors urged some to quit the sport\u2014medical opinion prone to dispute by coaches and trainers. Many doctors believed concussed football players could die of brain hemorrhage when returned to contact too quickly.<\/p>\n

Moreover, given medicine\u2019s experience with railroad accidents and warfare of industrial artillery, many experts believed brain disease could result from impacts and jarring of any source. Collision football posed obvious risk for cerebral trauma\u00a0and disorder, those \u201cnervous conditions\u201d already known in the courts as \u201crailway brain\u201d and traumatic insanity<\/em>. Pathologists utilizing microscopic autopsy found tiny lesions in brain tissue, \u201ca fracture of the mysterious network of filaments\u2026 essential to normal mental activity,\u201d prisons expert Frederick Howard Wines<\/a> wrote in 1895. \u201cA lesion may be compared to a melted fuse in an electric lighting system.\u201d<\/p>\n

Medical Record<\/em>, a journal in Philadelphia, called for abolishing football, \u201cproductive of the greatest variety of surgical injuries to every part of the body.\u201d The journal editorialized about tone deafness of society for football casualties. \u201cShort of actual death on the field, not much account is taken of the hundreds of young men who are oftentimes injured for life as the result of the rough-and-tumble methods of the match.\u201d<\/p>\n

The football-adoring public had to ignore medical literature and opinion, for cheering the athletic street fight on fields. An Iowa newspaper hyped imagery of ramming heads\u2014foreshadowing future\u00a0NFL television graphics of clashing helmets\u2014for the opening of college football in 1895. \u201cThe Cornell (Mt. Vernon) College foot-ball team will be here next Saturday\u2026 to butt heads and tangle limbs and scramble for the ball with the U.I.U. team,\u201d heralded The Fayette County Leader<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Football coaches, trainers, and team physicians surely grasped TBI danger but sought to sustain their lucrative sport, not end it because of irremovable forward-colliding. And head-ramming typically influenced victory for which team did it better, so successful coaches beyond Yale stressed the attack\u2014especially when all of football\u00a0counted on emerging headgear for neutralizing injury threat.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere is no use in exposing a man’s head to bruises which the modern football harness largely prevents\u2026,\u201d noted The Chicago Daily Tribune<\/em>, \u201cthe protection of nose guards, ear pads, and the various devices in use make him feel more secure from hurt.\u201d The newspaper observed a \u201ccarefully harnessed\u201d team at University of Chicago, the powerful Maroons of coach Amos Alonzo Stagg.<\/p>\n

Stagg had starred as a \u201cbutting\u201d player at Yale and the philosophy continued for teams he coached. Stagg said\u00a0he tried teaching the Maroons safer \u201clow tackling\u201d but they were slow to learn. Rather, Stagg\u2019s players aimed \u201cfor a man\u2019s head,\u201d reported The Chicago Inter Ocean<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Glenn \u201cPop\u201d Warner coached at the government Carlisle Institute in Pennsylvania, for young American Indians, and his teams thrived on trick plays and butting\u00a0throughout the field. The reputation preceded Carlisle on a West Coast trip in 1899, with The San Francisco Chronicle\u2019s<\/em> reporting:<\/p>\n

Dash and unity describe the Indians’ style of play. The backs all crouch like sprinters on the mark, and are off\u2026 The linesmen tear forward the instant the ball is snapped, and seem trained to jump through and break up the opposing play before it is well started. [Jonas] Metoxen, the full-back<\/a>, rated the greatest line-bucker on an American gridiron this season, smashes forward head down, low and with terrific force…<\/p>\n

Butting was no small concern for football officials, however, as predictable brain and spine casualties continued despite reform of \u201cbrutality\u201d hyped by Camp from 1894 to 1897. The initial helmet models of rubber and leather were proving no remedy for TBI, so officials kept pushing theory of headless contact, promising to teach players.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe best way to learn tackling is with a dummy with head thrown to one side; that saves your head,\u201d commented Dr. F.C. Armstrong, coach-physician of Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, for his how-to article in newspapers. But Armstrong acknowledged the game\u2019s frenetic colliding could not be choreographed. Often the tackler had to halt his foe however necessary, \u201cand in doing this you may have to overlook the rule about keeping the head to one side,\u201d the coach advised. \u201cThe softest place to put it is in the other man\u2019s stomach. That makes a pretty tackle, too.\u201d<\/p>\n

But a few years later Pratt scrapped football because of the incorrigible violence, in 1906, middle of football season. Institute administrators cited brain injury as particularly incompatible with education, for ethics and practical purposes.<\/p>\n

Supposedly the game had been\u00a0cleansed of brutality through \u201copen play\u201d rules instituted after invention by President Theodore Roosevelt, but Pratt officials disagreed. “Yes, we have dropped football,” confirmed J. Martin Voorhees, director of physical education, speaking with\u00a0The Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>. “We find that the game has been brutalized to such an extent that a player has to be practically a prize fighter to endure the knocks.”<\/p>\n

“That was our experience at Princeton a few weeks ago. We were beaten 27 to 0, but it was not the defeat that came as hard as the breaking of bones and other knocks that were dealt out to us, and I want to say that it was not by unfair methods either, but by football as it is insisted upon today by those who framed the new rules.<\/p>\n

“Why, we have today a boy who has concussion of the brain as the result of that contest,\u201d Voorhees continued. \u201cAnd he is not out of danger yet. That is only one of the cases. There are several others, and I hold the new rules are responsible. It was put up to the committee last night and we simply decided to abolish the game.\u201d<\/p>\n

1909-1915: Open\u00a0Game Spurs\u00a0High Tackling, Call for \u2018Heads Up\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

In years following the football reform led by Teddy Roosevelt, recorded injuries dwindled on the team at Harvard, his alma mater, but that was an exception.<\/span><\/p>\n

Most outlets reported negligible positive results while ferocity of football collisions apparently heightened\u2014and concussions of the brain increased\u2014because of the \u201copen game.\u201d The charged-up field of forward passes, outside runs and sweep blocks produced brutal smashups in free spaces, with less \u201cmass\u201d formations to slow traffic. \u201cHigh tackling\u201d was blamed for numerous casualties.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe revised rules of the game have not fulfilled the hopes of their framers,\u201d editorialized The Waterloo Press<\/em> in Indiana, \u201cthe speed and combination plays have proved almost as hazardous.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHas Football Reform Failed?\u201d posed The Harrisburg Courier<\/em> of Pennsylvania, stating \u201cnot even the football rule makers can wipe out the bone breaking features of the game by substituting one kind of danger for another.\u201d In Philadelphia, students of a medical college voted to ban the football program after a player died of brain hemorrhage.<\/p>\n

“SEASON JUST CLOSED MOST DISASTROUS IN HISTORY OF FOOTBALL: 29 MEN KILLED,\u201d headlined The Topeka Daily Capital<\/em> on Thanksgiving weekend in Kansas, 1909.<\/p>\n

A movement opposed boys football in high schools and \u201cmidget\u201d leagues, led by doctors and medical journals, but the naysayers also included NCAA officials, college coaches, grid stars and university presidents. Some lawmakers moved to ban juvenile football in Indiana, New York City, Boston, West Orange, N.J., further locales. Former President Roosevelt supported boys football but admitted reform had fallen short, saying most schools lacked supervision and he wished the game were \u201cless homicidal.\u201d<\/p>\n

High schools in the nation\u2019s capital banned hits above neckline and the forward pass: \u201cFor Safer Football,\u201d headlined The Washington Herald<\/em>. Nationwide, officials discussed eliminating kickoffs, barring quarterback runs, penalizing \u201cflying\u201d tackles and blocks. Coaches everywhere reemphasized shoulder tackling and blocking.<\/p>\n

\u201cHeads up\u201d contact would protect players, declared The Asbury Park Press<\/em>, reviving the familiar theory:<\/p>\n

It is to be hoped that if football retains its hold upon the American heart that “butting” may be so modified as to preserve the college young man’s skull for future and perhaps more laudable uses. In any event “tackle” with heads up should be substituted for “tackle” with heads down in the football contest. Athletes may get along with broken noses and gradual elimination of front teeth but the skull is valuable and rules should be made to hold it intact if possible.<\/p>\n

College rulemakers took another turn at reform in 1912, without addressing head blows.\u00a0Forward passing was fully sanctioned, legalized from anywhere behind the scrimmage line, for any length of throw, and the playing field was set at regulation 100 yards complemented by 10-yard \u201cend zones\u201d for touchdown receptions. The measures were taken for both player safety and spectator enjoyment, according to the NCAA committee.<\/p>\n

Officials declared protective equipment was also advancing. Illinois coach Bob Zuppke produced a new helmet \u201cso designed that the protection comes at all points where a blow might wreak havoc,\u201d newspapers stated.<\/p>\n

But one NCAA committeeman questioned safer football<\/em>, the official pledge since Roosevelt\u2019s intervention. “I am in doubt as to whether the game is safer than it was in years past…\u201d said rules chairman Jonas Babbitt, of Haverford College, \u201cbut public opinion seems to hold that it is safer.”<\/p>\n

Football\u2019s dark side continued to confront schools, doctors, police, courts and unfortunate families, especially for brain injury and mental disorder linked to the game. Psychosis engulfed a promising young man in eastern Pennsylvania, Raymond Yerger, for injuries believed to have begun in school football, according to newspapers of the period.<\/p>\n

The well-liked Yerger, only child of Morris and Sallie Yerger, part of a larger local clan, excelled in athletics and academics at Allentown High. For Thanksgiving in 1910, Yerger led senior football players in organizing a train excursion to their final game at rival Reading. Two hundred AHS faithful paid $1.10 each for train fare, embarking on a holiday extravaganza to culminate that night with a dance back in Allentown.<\/p>\n

At Reading the football contest was rough, and Allenville lost in both the score and injury count. Several Allenville players were carried off, including star halfback Ray Yerger, suffering neural effects from a kick to the head. Yerger, diagnosed with \u201cslight concussion\u201d and returned home to Allentown, missed the dance but resurfaced a few nights later to play church basketball. Yerger graduated high school as an honors student, accepted a bookkeeping job, and continued playing sports other than football.<\/p>\n

For a few years Yerger remained active in his community and church, and employed, although increasingly subject to mental \u201cspells\u201d and \u201caberrations,\u201d as family and friends would later recall. A thrown baseball beaned his head around 1913, aggravating symptoms. Yerger grew morose, paranoid, reclusive, avoiding friends for suspicion they made fun of him.<\/p>\n

Then an episode turned violent for Yerger at home, terrifying his parents who struggled themselves to make sense of the son’s deterioration. Physically strong, mentally ill, the 22-year-old raged and tossed furniture, threatening to kill his father. Police arrived and placed him in custody. It was holiday season, four years since brain trauma in his last football game for school.<\/p>\n

Authorities committed Yerger to Rittersville state hospital for allegedly attempting murder of the father. Yerger reportedly was administered\u00a0brain surgery<\/a> to \u201ccure\u201d his disease, and after one year in the facility he sneaked to a bathroom and committed suicide, hanging himself with a towel.<\/p>\n

The funeral for young Raymond Yerger was \u201clargely attended\u201d in Allentown, per a report, and he was buried at St. Stephen\u2019s Lutheran Church, two weeks before Christmas, 1915. Family and friends would always blame football in the tragedy.<\/p>\n

1920s:\u00a0‘Punch Drunk’ Questions, An Answer\u00a0by Martland<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

During the First World War, U.S. military bases trained soldiers in football<\/em>, indoctrinating thousands for the game beyond those with previous experience. A single camp might host dozens of football games in\u00a0a day, and at war\u2019s end soldiers came home eager for the civilian gridiron\u00a0as players, coaches, trainers, doctors and boosters. \u201cWorld War I provided the new football [passing attack] with a timely and powerful weapon to drive it into the hearts and minds of the American public,\u201d observed historian John Sayle Watterson<\/a>\u00a0in 2000. Automobile proliferation, urbanization and partying also juiced football popularity.<\/p>\n

The game permeated America in the 1920s, raising concrete stadiums in many\u00a0communities and reaching every pocket of society. Teams were established in the remotest regions, enlisting boys for school and midget football, ever younger in age, and men to fill local rosters.<\/p>\n

Football\u2019s public health issue followed in kind, spreading along, affecting every level to grassroots. Scandals of college football posed sexier headlines for newspapers, revelations of \u201cprofessionalism\u201d and academic corruption at major universities, but the game\u2019s everyday problem remained violence and casualties of collisions. Publicized annual death tolls reached 20 again, however invalid the numbers, and rekindled debate.<\/p>\n

\u201cHigh tackling\u201d haunted football for injuries to brain and neck, as since the 1880s, and Harvard leaders proposed to outlaw forward passing once again. More old ideas re-circulated. After the 1925 season a group of eastern coaches demanded anti-butting again be mandated, finally enforced, and football experts took another look at field contact, promising safer colliding.<\/p>\n

Coaches and officials pushed \u201chead up\u201d theory for low tackling, again, but there was a new\u00a0twist, talk of upright<\/em>\u00a0hitting with head held aside.\u00a0At least one newspaper scoffed, The Altoona Tribune<\/em>, commenting in Pennsylvania:<\/p>\n

Tackling below the shoulder would be a very fine thing and very practical if runners could be forced to do their sprinting with head up and chest out. The sad part of it is that runners, like [“Galloping Ghost” Red Grange<\/a>], run very low. If the Wheaton ice man is to be tossed at all, the tackler has little time or opportunity to pick a suitable spot of the Phantom around which to twine his arms. Officials believe that high tackling should be punishable to a 15-yard penalty.<\/p>\n

Shortly thereafter, NCAA rulemakers refrained from acting on high tackling and head-up technique<\/a>. Yet officials needed to find resolution somehow, because news on football TBI was getting worse, with discussion moving toward brain disease.<\/p>\n

American football was awash in incidence of concussion or TBI suffered by players, as demonstrated by daily news, while treatment remained inconsistent and mysterious for lack of known, validated protocol. Medical convention, conservative approach, prescribed \u201cthe old clinical maxim that every case of concussion must be treated by a definite period of rest in bed, and the very slow and cautious resumption of active life,\u201d said Dr. Wilfred Trotter, British surgeon of neurology, in 1924.<\/p>\n

Dr. Morris Fishbein, editor of Journal of the American Medical Association<\/em> [JAMA], noted football risk for concussion and emphasized specialized examination for suspected injury. Fishbein, writing for his national newspaper column in 1927, alerted readers to symptoms of broadly defined concussion, \u201csuch as dizziness, ringing in the ears, disturbance of vision, headache, drowsiness, pains in the eye, inability to sleep, convulsions or vomiting.\u201d<\/p>\n

But many doctors believed no serious injury occurred until loss of consciousness, an opinion parroted by football personnel, despite player cases of severe TBI not involving knockouts. Football’s minimizing or downplaying cerebral disturbance was also conducive for returning players\u00a0quickly to field contact. Brain trauma was cost\u00a0of doing business in head-ramming football, so teams stockpiled smelling salts, hired doctors when possible, and young athletes kept lining up, willing combatants.<\/p>\n

“No football player is afraid of getting knocked out. It’s too common an experience,\u201d said Centre College star Sully Montgomery. \u201cYou can’t go through a season on the gridiron without being knocked senseless a couple of times.\u201d Coaches were run over by speeding bodies, too, like old battering ram Amos Alonzo Stagg, flattened unconscious by a player at the University of Chicago. Kayoed at age 64 by \u201ca swift charging back,\u201d Stagg returned next day to his coaching job, 34 years leading the Maroons, newspapers reported.<\/p>\n

Chronic mental disorder<\/em>, meanwhile, became football\u2019s larger question of the 1920s, the threat of permanent disease from impacts and jars. Boxing attracted attention for medical allegations it caused brain damage, resulting in legal claims and defenses, but football was likewise suspected by people qualified to make the connection. At least one pair of researchers and a segment of NCAA coaches discussed possible neural disease among football players\u2014before<\/em> Dr. Harrison S. Martland released his milestone evidence of micro-hemorrhaging in brains of deceased boxers.<\/p>\n

For years medical personnel had diagnosed disorder like traumatic insanity<\/em> in football players, and \u201cshell shock\u201d since the World War. Doctors and football families linked suicide and crime<\/a> to disease of brain trauma, testifying in cases of troubled players. \u201cPunch drunk\u201d or \u201cslug nutty\u201d commonly meant brain disorder in pugilists but the slang showed up elsewhere, around football in particular. A Brooklyn sportswriter described Syracuse linemen as \u201cpunch drunk and wavering\u201d against Columbia in November of 1926, and famed columnist Grantland Rice ripped Harvard and Yale, football\u2019s fading flagships, as \u201cold timers who are now punch drunk.\u201d<\/p>\n

Drs. Michael Osnato and Vincent Giliberti discussed traumatic encephalitis<\/em> in their 1927 article<\/a> on post-concussion damage for Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry<\/em>. The New York physicians concluded brain disease might manifest in \u201cyoung men knocked out in football<\/a> and other games,\u201d continuing: \u201cOur work shows that the structural factors in post-concussion neurosis have not received adequate attention.\u201d<\/p>\n

Awareness went mainstream\u00a0in 1928, when Martland presented his findings of \u201cpunch drunk\u201d<\/a> in boxing and recommended investigation throughout contact sports for brain damage in athletes. The term sprang into popular lexicon, including for grist in comedy setups\u2014\u201cThe Three Stooges [in] Punch Drunk!<\/em>\u201d News rhetoric from Washington relied on punch drunk allusions for discussing lawmakers and congressional bills paralyzed by politics.<\/p>\n

Talk buzzed of punch-drunk football players, naturally, and apparently long had. \u201cNotwithstanding that this condition has been known to boxing and football coaches for many years, it is only within the past year that the medical profession has seriously considered the matter,\u201d Dr. James W. Barton wrote for his syndicated newspaper column. Barton, a sport physician, continued:<\/p>\n

As students we were taught that a “concussion” was just a shaking up of the brain. That it was as if you took the skull in your hands and gave the contents a “shake.” No injury followed it, because the bony case, the skull, was not injured. \u2026 Therefore we never gave concussion much thought, because, although there is a temporary loss of consciousness or a loss of memory, it soon clears away, and there is no apparent damage done.<\/p>\n

However, Dr. H.S. Martland some months ago told us that in some of these cases the brain substance can be “bruised” just like other parts of the body, and this bruising results in the breaking of tiny blood vessels and discoloration just as in a bruise of the skin.<\/p>\n

What is this knowledge going to mean to us?<\/p>\n

It certainly does not mean that boxing, football or other sports should be abandoned, but where an athlete or a player in any kind of sport gets a bump, a blow, or a kick, and finds it results in a loss of memory, however short, he should keep away from that sport for a time, because it is the “repeated knocks,” coming at frequent intervals, that may finally unbalance the mind.<\/p>\n

A doctor who refereed NCAA sports warned of \u201cpunch drunk\u201d football players, speaking at a coaches gathering in Boston. The referee Dr. Eddie O\u2019Brien said:\u00a0 “Every one of you high school football coaches should see to it that a doctor is on the field of play, ready to rule whether a lad hurt in a game should be removed or not. If the player is not steady on his legs and normal in his faculties, he should be removed from the game and given medical assistance until he has fully recovered from the blow that caused the trouble.”<\/p>\n

The writer Damon Runyon remarked that many football players \u201cwind up a little slug-nutty.\u201d New York sports columnist W.O. McGeehan criticized a coach for returning a \u201cpunch drunk\u201d player to action, when \u201cthe first thing he did was to toss a forward pass to one of the opponents.\u201d Coach Knute Rockne joked in Collier\u2019s<\/em>\u00a0about a \u201cpunch drunk\u201d halfback at Notre Dame, unable to find his sideline after being rocked in a game.<\/p>\n

Legendary Irish player Jim Crowley, one of the Four Horsemen<\/a>, spoke seriously in regard to traumatic brain injury. Crowley, head football coach at Michigan State, drew praise for limiting practice hits among his players during the week. \u201cGive that same outfit three or four scrimmages and they’ll be punch drunk when a game comes around,\u201d Crowley said.<\/p>\n

Besides Coach Crowley and referee-physician Eddie O\u2019Brien, football insiders produced no fresh thought for protecting the head and reducing TBI, and casualty reports stayed in headlines, like minimally 29 deaths in 1931.<\/p>\n

Helmets were brought up again as possible prevention, and so-called technique for headless hitting. Grantland Rice, the household name among sportswriters and a former Vanderbilt football player, teamed with NFL star Benny Friedman to retread and promote \u201cheads up\u201d theory.<\/p>\n

Friedman blamed deaths on the players themselves, for \u201clacking of skill in blocking and tackling.\u201d The Giants\u2019 record-setting quarterback insisted players must finally accept and learn heads-up contact. \u201cI have seen any number of tacklers and ball carriers drive in with their heads down instead of keeping their heads up,\u201d Friedman said. \u201cI have also seen considerable attempted blocking with the head and neck instead of shoulders or body.\u201d<\/p>\n

Rice, wordsmith of Four Horsemen gridiron myth, channeled Friedman\u2019s \u201cheads up\u201d tips for millions of readers, writing in his syndicated column: Tackle with your head up\u2026 A ball carrier should keep the head up\u2026 Use shoulders, hips and body\u2026 know the proper way to block<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Yale coach and physician Dr. Marvin \u201cMal\u201d Stevens endorsed head-up theory and shoulder tackling, but he really banked on helmet tech to finally stop TBI in football. \u201cIt is well within the bounds of reason that within a short space of time football equipment can and will be materially improved, and we look forward confidently to the near future when vastly improved headgear will eliminate all serious head injuries,\u201d Stevens co-wrote in his 1933 book, The Control of Football Injuries<\/em>, with Yale surgeon Dr. Winthrop Morgan Phelps.<\/p>\n

Yale\u2019s MD coach would enter his own headgear into the ring of football\u2019s everlasting helmet sweepstakes. Dr. Mal Stevens would design his prototype for the elusive anti-concussion helmet, and, in standard practice for coach inventors, test it on the heads of his college players.<\/p>\n

1930s: CTE Evidence, Debate Cast Football as Causal\u00a0Suspect<\/strong><\/p>\n

New Jersey pathologist Dr. Harrison S. Martland committed to a prime scientific mission in the 1920s, for exposing an occupational hazard, but it wasn’t brain damage in athletes.<\/span><\/p>\n

The unassuming Martland, coroner of Essex County across the Hudson from New York City, became internationally renowned for identifying radium poisoning in factory workers, hundreds of women. Martland documented and explained the toxic disease, leading to court settlements for the afflicted and industry regulation to save lives. Additionally, Martland was a pioneer of forensic medicine for crime-solving and helped found a\u00a0school in the discipline at NYU.<\/span><\/p>\n

Martland could\u00a0not follow-up his 1928 \u201cpunch drunk\u201d findings, leaving the disease state for others to quickly\u00a0label\u00a0traumatic encephalopathy<\/em>, or TE<\/em>. His method for full brain autopsy would not be replicated in the United States until the next century, unfortunately for head-injury victims\u00a0like athletes, combat soldiers and battered women, generations to come.<\/p>\n

The American sports of boxing and football did not embrace Martland research, ignoring two urgent research needs\u00a0posed by the results<\/a>: a) to determine prevalence of traumatic encephalopathy among deceased athletes, and b) to randomly measure cognitive deficits in living athletes through converging neuro-psychiatric assessment tools.<\/p>\n

Boxing officials had already questioned\u00a0existence of punch-drunk syndrome, for decades, and they responded strongly\u00a0to Martland’s\u00a0brain slides that spelled instant tempest for the sport. Prizefighting insiders claimed, led by heavyweight champs Jack Dempsey and Gene Tunney, that factors besides punches caused undeniable micro-hemorrhaging, later termed as tau deposition<\/em>.\u00a0 Insiders blamed child exploitation, poor training, \u201cunscientific technique\u201d and worn-out gloves for punch drunkenness, even gravity, boxers’ falls to ring mats.<\/p>\n

Boxing voices said low IQ\u00a0could cause locomotor ataxia<\/em><\/a>\u00a0or the shuffling \u201cfighter\u2019s dance,\u201d as could causal sins like alcohol, drugs, philandering\u2014just not the sport itself. Seattle promoter Buddy Bishop declared bankers and bookkeepers faced same risk as boxers. “Dissipations [vice] and not punches bring a boxer to the ‘punch drunk’ stage,” Bishop said. “Bad liquor, later hours, unnatural habits and bad associates will make any person groggy in time. Boxers do not get ‘punch drunk’ from beatings.”<\/p>\n

Football sidestepped epicenter of the TE debate and made no move toward studies of players. Many coaches and newsmen were humored, in fact, joking about slug-nutty\u00a0linemen, conveying nonchalance.\u00a0\u201cThese boys are getting punch-drunk from going up against bigger, tougher teams and so am I,\u201d cracked Bob Zuppke, iconic coach for winning and certifiable failure for designing anti-TBI headgear, at University of Illinois. Washington Post<\/em> columnist Shirley Povich practiced football-boxing hypocrisy dating to the 1880s<\/a>, the juggling act of condemning pugilism while extolling the gridiron; he depicted boxers as gladiatorial dupes\u00a0but football players as swashbuckling , endearing \u201cpunch drunks.\u201d<\/p>\n

And at Notre Dame, the football team\u2019s ominous supply of ammonia smelling salts for brain-blasted casualties got airy treatment in a wire report:<\/p>\n

Irish Trainer Prepared For 1,440 “Knock Outs”<\/p>\n

SOUTH BEND, Ind. (AP)\u2014Eugene Young, Notre Dame trainer, is ready for a big football season.<\/p>\n

Taught by experience, he has ordered a gross of boxes of inhalants, or 1,440 “smellers,” just about the quantity he needs to revive young gridders knocked unconscious on the gridiron. In the old days a bucket of water was all that was necessary.<\/p>\n

But laughter had limits in the trustless Depression Era, including for the beloved gridiron institution. The game caught fallout over The Carnegie Report<\/em>, corruption at colleges, and for player fatalities in\u00a0schools and sandlots.<\/p>\n

A special criticism materialized for\u00a0traumatic brain injury and the question of disease potential in forward-colliding\u00a0football. Medical experts, news writers and former players led a public discussion, marking the 1930s as another crisis period for the game.<\/p>\n

Conventional doctors, those unattached to sports medicine<\/em>, deemed concussion or TBI of football unhealthy and potentially damaging. Specialists generally opposed rapid return to play for brain casualties in football, and some called for outlawing juvenile participation. A succession of MD newspaper columnists warned of football during the Thirties, such as Drs. William Brady, Morris Fishbein, Louis Berg, Logan Clendening and Irving S. Cutter.<\/p>\n

Dr. Brady ripped juvenile play\u00a0and enabler parents, along with characterizing schools as football churches that made pariahs of boys who resisted indoctrination. And an\u00a0anti-football administrator typically did nothing for fear of unemployment, alleged Brady. \u201cNow, parents, all together: Down with high school football!\u201d Brady proclaimed in his well-read\u00a0column.<\/p>\n

A key figure of football health debate was Dr. Fishbein, high-profile leader\u00a0of the American Medical Association as a national\u00a0columnist and JAMA editor. Fishbein sounded the alert on concussion and potential\u00a0damage of the collision game. \u201cKEEP YOUR HELMET ON!\u201d he preached to\u00a0players, introducing a 1933 column for newspapers. Fishbein continued:<\/p>\n

There have been far too many cases of concussion of the brain and even fracture of the skull in football to take a chance without adequate head protection. \u2026<\/p>\n

Most serious of all injuries are those affecting the brain and the skull. A concussion of the brain means that the brain tissue actually has been bruised, with possible small hemorrhages into the tissue.<\/p>\n

The first sign of such injury is loss of memory for recent events. The least important sign is a slight dizziness. But coaches and trainers should not, however, be unimpressed when a player comes out of a sudden impact with another player merely slightly dizzy or dazed.<\/p>\n

In a subsequent\u00a0column, Dr. Fishbein observed: \u201cBecause the school or the team takes much of the responsibility for the football player, it should control the kind of medical attention that he receives. The man should not be permitted to consult the first charlatan at hand, but should be directed to proper medical care by those in charge of the team.\u201d<\/p>\n

Dr. Berg affirmed the risk of brain disease in football and employed the medical term chronic encephalitis<\/em>, or CE, for his column:<\/p>\n

To many people the term “punch drunk” brings to mind a comic character weaving and boxing with an imaginary enemy the moment somebody sounds a bell behind him.<\/p>\n

In truth it is an actual mental disorder\u2014though not known scientifically under that name\u2014brought on by repeated injuries to the blood vessels of the brain and the production of what is called chronic encephalitis.<\/p>\n

It is a mistake to assume that this is a condition confined solely to ex-boxers. True the old-time fighter and in particular the preliminary boy, who risked his neck for a few dollars and the plaudits of the gallery, were the commonest exponents of this condition. But today one sees other victims of this disease due to punishment received about the head. Such a type is the football player who partakes in one game or one scrimmage too many. \u2026<\/p>\n

The mental symptoms of this disorder produced by minute hemorrhages in the brain, are a distortion of the faculties of attention, concentration and memory.<\/p>\n

Dr. Clendening observed: \u201cPunch drunk is an occupational disease. The victims have very marked personality changes… The condition is not confined to boxers, and may occur in football players or to anyone who receives a severe blow on the head.\u201d<\/p>\n

Medical literature and groups corroborated the MD columnists regarding brain injury, in communication\u00a0often citing football.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe increasing number of cases of trauma of the head [in society] presents a problem of major importance to all branches of the medical profession,\u201d Drs. A.E. Bennett and H.B. Hunt wrote for Archives of Surgery<\/em> journal in 1933, continuing:<\/p>\n

There has been a marked therapeutic advance in the management of the severer types of acute injuries of the head in the past decade, owing to the increasing general knowledge of the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral edema and hemorrhage. Also, the surgical indications are fairly well agreed on by all authorities.<\/p>\n

The milder degrees of cerebral trauma, which at the time of the accident are usually called cerebral concussion, representing types of injury to the brain without acutely increased intracranial pressure, with or without fracture of the skull, have not in our opinion received the study they deserve. In the past the results of treatment of this group of patients, in which there is a large number, have been unsatisfactory. A large percentage of the patients have residual complaints, and the question as to whether their complaints were on a psychogenic or an organic basis has not been clear.<\/p>\n

Some of the patients show diffuse neurologic signs, mental symptoms, personality changes, palsies of the cranial nerves and bilateral findings, but no focal signs. These findings are not entirely attributable to cerebral edema, but are probably the result of multiple punctate hemorrhages throughout the brain tissue. This condition is a true type of traumatic encephalitis\u2026<\/p>\n

\u201cStatistics show an appalling incidence of head trauma,\u201d Drs. N.W. Winkelman and J.L. Eckel wrote for Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry<\/em> in 1934, continuing:<\/p>\n

The subject of the changes in the brain and the symptoms resulting from head injuries is coming to be most important in modern medicine. The courts are deluged with cases in which compensation and redress are sought because of claims of permanent sequelae as the result of alleged injuries to the brain. The subject is further complicated by the fact that neurologists and neurosurgeons are still at odds concerning the question of the organic or functional nature of many of the symptoms. The clinical evidences of brain trauma during the acute period require no lengthy descriptions.<\/p>\n

Dr. Edward J. Carroll, Jr., who interviewed ring insiders for in his 1936 observational review of brain-injured boxers titled \u201cPunch Drunk,\u201d reported hearing of the condition among professional football players. Carroll wrote for American Journal of Medical Sciences<\/em>:<\/p>\n

There is a clinical syndrome of frequent occurrence among boxers, to which they refer as \u201cpunch-drunk,\u201d \u201cpunchy,\u201d \u201cgoofy,\u201d \u201cslap happy,\u201d cutting paper dolls,\u201d or \u201cslug nutty.\u201d Other terms might be applied, such as \u201ctraumatic dementia\u201d or \u201ctraumatic encephalopathy,\u201d but they are not nearly so appropriate and descriptive as the epithet \u201cpunch-drunk.\u201d \u2026<\/p>\n

Although multiple punctate hemorrhages probably constitute the underlying pathologic change in punch-drunk, extensive degeneration might be explained even without reference to such vascular lesions. It is hardly possible that a blow which jars the brain sufficiently to cause loss of consciousness would not be followed by some tissue reaction, such as hyperemia and edema with effusion into the intracellular spaces, leading\u00a0 to [metabolic] disturbances of nutrition and thus to impairment of function. An area with anatomic predilection to this type of injury is the midbrain. With a jar of the skull, the midbrain is forced against the sharp edge of the tentorium and bruised, resulting in edema and hyperemia. Following repeated insults to this region a gliosis may begin, and increase with each succeeding trauma. This scarring could result in a narrowing of the aqueduct, predisposing to the formation of an internal hydrocephalus with an increase in the intraventricular pressure and subsequent damage to the cortex.<\/p>\n

Another explanation is the jarring of the brain by a blow results in the fracturing of cell processes. The unequal specific gravities of the gray and white matter give to them different degrees of acceleration in response to a force. This inequality of movement might cause a rupture of the neurons at the junction of the two tissues. The technical problems of demonstrating such minute lesions and differentiating them from artefacts leave this occurrence unproven.<\/p>\n

Carroll\u2019s study would stand seminal among the American literature on brain disease of sport and other trauma causes. He concluded:<\/p>\n

Comment<\/strong>. It is probable that no head blow is taken with impunity, and that each knock-out causes definite and irreparable damage. If such trauma is repeated for a long enough period, it is inevitable that nerve cell insufficiency will develop ultimately, and the individual will become punch-drunk.<\/p>\n

The cognizance and investigation of this condition by the medical profession would be a contribution to the neurologic and psychiatric study of traumatic disorders. But a higher end would be the education of the layman to the remote dangers incident to repeated minor head traumas. The occurrence of this type of degenerative brain change must be recognized and publicized rather than disregarded and discounted. It is especially important that athletes entering into competitions in which head injuries are frequent and knock-outs are common should realize that they are exposing themselves not only to immediate injury, but also to remote and more sinister effects.<\/p>\n

Specialists of medical groups and journals logically correlated \u201cpunch drunk\u201d with head-ramming football, particularly in Pennsylvania, where the state athletic commission screened for stricken boxers. \u201c \u2018Traumatic encephalopathy\u2019 is what the doctor would call it\u2026 Should not young men in boxing and football be watched more closely and be forbidden the sport at the first sign of punch-drunkenness?” posed Pittsburgh Medical Record<\/em> editors.<\/p>\n

The Delaware County Medical Society intoned: \u201cYoung athletes, whether in boxing or football or whatever sport should be carefully guarded by their trainers against the cranium crunchers that lead to being punch drunk.\u201d<\/p>\n

News media, for their part, reported of football TBI and punch-drunk players at all levels of the game in the 1930s.<\/p>\n

Hartford Courant<\/em> sportswriters extended concern for a local Colgate graduate and grid star, Joe Bogdanski, urging him in print to forego professional football. \u201cJoe’s fresh-faced, handsomely built, tawny-skinned with the glow of health, full of the vigor of youth,\u201d they editorialized, \u201cwho wants to see him battered and \u2018punch drunk\u2019 like some of the best-known pro football players of today? We could mention a few names… but we won’t.\u201d Bogdanski would not play pro football, going on instead to earn a law degree<\/a> and serve as Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court.<\/p>\n

Press accounts alleged that anonymous football players suffered brain disease like many boxers who were landing in courts and mental wards. The writer-artist Copeland C. Burg filed this 1934 analysis for The Chicago American<\/em>:<\/p>\n

CHICAGO, Oct. 6\u2014Punch-drunk football players! Sure\u2014there are lots of them.<\/p>\n

Like punch-drunk prizefighters, they are goofy and wander around in the clouds most of the time.<\/p>\n

But try and prove it!<\/p>\n

We mean get some football coach or big player to talk about it for publication.<\/p>\n

Nothing doing. When queried they look at you as though you were very punch-drunk yourself and walk away.<\/p>\n

But off the record they will tell you plenty.<\/p>\n

They will tell you that _________\u00a0 _________, at one time one of the biggest backfield stars in America, is so punch drunk he goes around writing bum checks, forgetting important engagements and generally acting so strange and absent-minded that he has ruined his professional career. He’s punch-drunk.<\/p>\n

They will tell that __________ _________, formerly a big eastern star, who thrilled the overflowing stands with long runs down the field, is about to be taken to an insane asylum. He’s harmless but more easily cared for at an institution than in the home of a relative. Another punch-drunk victim.<\/p>\n

They will tell you strange stories about many great players and the central theme of these yarns is that the players did this and that because they got punch-drunk from blows received in football games.<\/p>\n

In modern football, in addition to the bumps and swats received in authorized play, there is considerable old-fashioned, Marquis of Queensbury, punching and slugging as everyone knows.<\/p>\n

High up in the stands a spectator can’t see much of these private boxing matches but players, coaches, and officials down on the field know that almost all games are marked by a score or more of good knockout punches, “sneaked” over during line plunges and other plays that give a chance to swat in the dark.<\/p>\n

Kicking is another feature contributing to punch-drunk gridiron victims. Nearly every player gets kicked in the head by one of the enemy at least once or twice each season.<\/p>\n

The writer talked to a former midwestern star about punch-drunk football players. This player was one of the best ever turned out in America. He admitted freely that many players were punch-drunk and never recovered from the effects of the blows they received on the gridiron. He named several big stars from leading colleges. He also named quite a few former college heroes, now professional football players.<\/p>\n

Some of the yarns he told about those players were pretty wild.<\/p>\n

In fact the writer was and is firmly convinced the man he was listening to was thoroughly punch-drunk himself.<\/p>\n

In Georgia, The Albany Democrat-Herald<\/em> declared athletes had but a shelf life in football and brain-battering sent many into premature decline, a brutal cause-and-effect scenario \u201capparent to laymen who have followed the game.\u201d The editorial continued:<\/p>\n

Football is a hard game. Those who play hardest at it are likely to be jarred into a condition similar to that which fighters and wrestlers undergo. They become what would be called in the ring “punch drunk.” This mental condition, together with the physical injuries which football players sustain, operate to slow men up as they become veterans. That is the probable explanation of a vast majority of anti-climaxed gridiron biographies.<\/p>\n

Critics contended NCAA football should provide \u201cscholarships,\u201d medical coverage and pensions for players, given\u00a0the profits for colleges and coaches. Scandal struck the University of North Carolina in 1937, on revelations of illicit aid to football players, and\u00a0The Daily Tar Heel<\/em> editorialized against injuries and false amateurism, suggesting a professional club might be in order for the campus. Editors co-wrote:<\/p>\n

If we have to have football to let some boys work their way through school\u2026 abolish the “beating” they get in the game, and give them part of the $30,000 we collect in fees in the form of plain scholarships. The boys would have a much better chance to show themselves good students and worthy “persons as persons,” as the rules say, than they do now when you work them every day for five hours, take them out of school one sixth of the time… turn ’em out in the end punch drunk or cracked up, and make ’em lie about it, to boot. If you want to improve conditions, why don’t you set up a working hour-wage law for football, forbidding more than an hour-and-a-half practice every day. \u2026<\/p>\n

One more and probably the most honest suggestion: rent the stadium and the whole outfit to the alumni, let them put out a really first class ball club, professional and paid, under the name, if you will, of the UNC Alumni team. If the boys happen accidentally to want to take advantage of the educational opportunities here, splendid; let ’em register with their preferred Dean.<\/p>\n

News commentators kept hammering\u00a0football as America approached its next great war. At autumn\u2019s outset in 1939, a West Coast columnist remarked: \u201cIt is now football season and there will be about 12,000 college men playing this year for\u2014for what? Getting knocked punch drunk to promote a billion-dollar business.\u201d<\/p>\n

The unattributed blurb, surfacing on an Opinion page in Van Nuys, perhaps was traceable to Oakland Tribune <\/em>sports editor Art Cohn. Soon after, with football casualty reports piling up, Cohn\u00a0panned the game as a \u201crotten racket in glamour and glorified insanity.\u201d He\u00a0wrote: \u201cThe football business cannot absolve itself… Football cannot even give its victims\u2014or their bereaved\u2014enough insurance to cover doctors’ bills and funeral expenses.\u201d<\/p>\n

1940: Plastic Helmet Panacea, Psychiatrists Coin CTE Term<\/strong><\/p>\n

Football officials of the Thirties weren’t easily provoked to comment on issues, by detractors whose complaints were muted amid cultural glorification of\u00a0the game.\u00a0 The pro level was unorganized among circuits like the NFL and of marginal concern to the general public. The premier NCAA game was bureaucratic with leaders scattered at member schools, making them tough to corner individually on the\u00a0macro issues, especially traumatic brain injury.<\/p>\n

Many NCAA policymakers doubled as coaches who were publicly adored for winning, flanked by friendly media to protect them and the sport. The football-media complex counterattacked dissidents like Frank Scully, writer and former Columbia player who suffered injury infection and leg amputation. When Scully alleged college football was rife with TBI and cerebral disease, in his expos\u00e9 published by Liberty<\/em> magazine, ready sport scribes pounced to excoriate him as a vengeful liar.<\/p>\n

The NCAA and coaches association stated\u00a0nothing formally on the prospect of permanent brain damage for players. But officialdom finally gave ground\u00a0over broadly defined concussion<\/em>, conceding it was\u00a0common\u00a0problem for football, as conventional medicine had charged since the Victorian Era.<\/p>\n

\u201cConcussion is a term which is used to describe a very definite injury,\u201d observed football coach Dr. Mal Stevens, a forerunner in sports medicine, for his book with Yale surgeon Dr. Winthrop Phelps. The co-authors continued:<\/p>\n

It is the result of a blow on the head which is sufficiently hard to cause a period of temporary <\/em>\u00a0disturbance<\/em> [emphasis added] of the proper functioning of the brain. This is usually apparent either from a period of unconsciousness or may be seen in a period during which the player is dazed or unaware of what is going on. He may seem to continue to play normally but will not remember, afterwards, events which have occurred during a given period of time. This period of amnesia may last from a few minutes to a few hours. A mild concussion\u00a0may often be determined by asking the player questions which require him to be closely in touch with his environment.<\/p>\n

Stevens led official endorsement of sideline testing for concussion, a questions-based protocol appearing in the first NCAA medical handbook, 1933. Concussion testing was said to fully protect football players at programs like Yale, where Stevens played and coached. Stevens served one term as president of the American Football Coaches Association and chaired its injury committee for a longer period, overseeing the publication of recommendations for safer play following the 1937 season.<\/p>\n

The coaches’ criteria for safe football mostly rehashed 40 years of official promises regarding brutality. The\u00a0boilerplate talking points<\/a>, crafted by the late Walter Camp at olden Yale, included: fitness examination for every player, child and adult; high-quality training facilities; protective equipment; constant injury monitoring by doctor and coach; proper training and technique; qualified coaching; and parental vigilance for player health.<\/p>\n

But the modern coaches posted genuinely progressive points, too, urging the establishment of paid healthcare and heart screening for all players.\u00a0Moreover, AFCA recommendation No. 6 addressed negligence of brain injury in football\u2014extraordinary for the time, profound for future context\u2014while specifying a concussion threshold<\/em> to avoid mortality in contact sport:<\/p>\n

During the past seven years the practice has been too prevalent of allowing players to continue playing after a concussion. Again this year this is true. This can be checked at the time of the preseason medical examination by case history questions. A case in point is where no knowledge was had before the player\u2019s death of a boy who suffered a previous concussion from a bicycle accident. Sports demanding personal contact should be eliminated after an individual has suffered one concussion.<\/p>\n

Nevertheless, no such health information was incorporated for football rules or other NCAA mandates throughout the Thirties. As in past crises, the committee tinkered with code on \u201cunnecessary roughness,\u201d banning slaps and forearm strikes to the head, among modifications, but nothing further in association policy transpired to prevent injury.<\/p>\n

Officials recommended<\/em> safety measures, they theorized, like touting \u201cside\u201d and \u201croll\u201d tackles. Players were taught \u201cscientific\u201d falling and tumbling, how to tuck chins and roll on their shoulders. Coaches emphasized, once again, that players must hit with head up and held aside. And football officials promised safer helmets, as usual, promoting revolutionary technologies.<\/p>\n

Dr. Stevens saw the moment to unveil his \u201cconcussion eliminator\u201d helmet, a pneumatic model presumably improved from the Spalding failure in early century<\/a>. Stevens, head football coach at New York University in 1939, placed the contraption of rubber and air cushions on his players then reported himself that \u201cexperiments have proved it highly successful.\u201d<\/p>\n

News writers merely parroted Stevens’\u00a0claim the model eliminated all brain trauma down to headaches<\/em>, in their reports. None confirmed independent validation of the Stevens anti-TBI helmet, much less his qualifications to engineer such a design. But it hardly sold, anyway, because plastic hard-shells were the rage.<\/p>\n

Plastic helmets were football\u2019s salvation, certain to stop brain injury in football\u2014or so went the popular assumption without\u00a0scientific proof.<\/p>\n

And John T. Riddell emerged as the chosen coach to reap helmet riches, releasing his plastic models in 1940 with major press coverage. Riddell’s state-of-the-art, hard-shell helmets adorned the team at Northwestern University, where players felt fortunate to wear full protection from head injury, according to the public narrative. Soon Riddell would join production forces with the U.S. military.<\/p>\n

Nothing really changed, of course, for field danger that season. Football games and practices continued producing TBI incidents by the thousands, according to news reports available today in electronic databases such as ProQuest and Newspapers.com. The year\u2019s grid star was ramming fullback John Alec Kimbrough, Texas A&M, a spectacular \u201cline ripper\u201d of size and speed who amassed yardage in \u201chis famed butting, diving, plunging and shouldering,\u201d gushed\u00a0The Christian Science Monitor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

In the same year, without fanfare, a pair of psychiatrists coined the term chronic traumatic encephalopathy<\/em>, or CTE<\/em>, some 60 years before pathologist Dr. Bennet Omalu made it commonplace. In 1940 psychiatrists\u00a0Karl M. Bowman and Abram Blau discussed chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a boxer’s case for their book chapter \u201cPsychotic States Following Head and Brain Injury in Adults and Children.\u201d<\/p>\n

A year later\u00a0Pearl Harbor was bombed, drawing the United States into World War Two, and the horrific\u00a0global conflict desensitized Americans for domestic issues like tackle football.<\/p>\n

1962: Reselling Anti-Concussion Helmets and Heads Up<\/strong><\/p>\n

When Mal Stevens was a young head coach in college football, he dreamed of becoming rich. \u201cIf I had a million dollars,\u201d Stevens would remark, \u201cI\u2019d buy me a professional football team and enjoy myself for the rest of my life by coaching it.\u201d \u00a0Recalling this story for a writer in 1960, Dr. Marvin A. \u201cMal\u201d Stevens didn’t mention whether his personal foil was failure to engineer the golden anti-concussion football helmet. Besides, he still hadn’t given up on his pneumatic model.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dr. Stevens no longer coached football, having left the game following World War Two and his military service as orthopedic surgeon and medical adviser. In 1951 Stevens accepted the New York governor\u2019s appointment to \u201chelp clean up boxing\u201d by establishing a boxing medical board for the State Athletic Commission. Thus Stevens became recognized for leading American boxing’s campaign to demean and deny CTE findings dating back to Martland\u2019s \u201cpunch drunk\u201d study<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Stevens, the joint-and-bone specialist, a living legend of sports medicine, still insisted concussion or traumatic brain injury was temporary, posing no risk of permanent damage. Citing his own brain studies of athletes, scoffing at conventional research like so many of his colleagues in U.S. sport, Stevens outright dismissed the sound neurological theory of repetitive, sub-concussive trauma\u00a0as causation for\u00a0disease.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe just haven’t seen any punch-drunk fighters since I have been here, and we’ve been looking for them,\u201d Stevens testified before New York legislators in 1962, adding\u00a0his regret that \u201cwe don’t have boxing in every school and every town in the country.” Neurologist Dr. Abraham Rabiner, a boxing medical colleague of Stevens at the Albany hearings, testified that studies\u00a0on repetitive blows and chronic encephalopathy amounted to\u00a0junk science, \u201cnonsense.\u201d<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, plastic football helmets had proven no panacea for preventing TBI, the addition of rigid facemasks notwithstanding. Riddell and other makers of hard headgear had succeeded in\u00a0major sales over the decades since leathers, but danger of head-on brain injury was higher than ever in football\u2014and unnecessarily so, according to Dr. Stevens.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe hard plastic helmets used today are worse than the ones we used 30 years ago. They ought to be outlawed,\u201d Stevens commented in The Boston Globe<\/em>. \u201cPlayers can use their helmets as offensive weapons. The faceguards are worse.\u201d Stevens\u00a0believed his helmet\u00a0of air-cushioned rubber had hope yet.\u00a0\u201cI don\u2019t favor all this stuff that goes in front of the face,\u201d he\u00a0volunteered. \u201cI think a player would be much better off with a well-fitted, soft and resilient helmet, without a faceguard. There\u2019s been some experimentation with pneumatic helmets [by Stevens, 1939, and Spalding-Camp in 1903], but without much luck.\u201d<\/p>\n

Helmet rivals aside, Stevens strongly advocated football and rejected revivalist criticism for juvenile participation, declaring the sport itself was not dangerous, only irresponsible individuals. \u201cIf you\u2019re going to play the game, then you must accept the fact that there will be some injuries. But with proper supervision and good common sense, there is less risk in playing football than there is in driving to the game.\u201d<\/p>\n

He sounded like Walter Camp, revered \u201cFather of Football\u201d whom Stevens got to know as star Yale halfback in the early Twenties. During this 1962 interview Stevens repeated football\u2019s time-trusted talking points for gullible generations. The Boston student\u00a0writers who interviewed Stevens, and Globe<\/em> copy editors who laid out the Q&A page, proclaimed football in a headline to be \u201cBasically a Safe Game.\u201d<\/p>\n

They printed verbatim Stevens\u2019 stock football lines about safe blocking and tackling, and headless contact\u2014yet impossible in the forward-colliding sport, particularly for modern helmets.<\/p>\n

\u201cTeach the players to run with their heads up; block and tackle with their heads up,\u201d Stevens said. \u201cYou can\u2019t theorize on these things.\u201d<\/p>\n

Select References<\/strong><\/p>\n

The author stocks additional information in histories, medical literature and thousands of news texts,\u00a0\u00a0among media, for this analysis. Also see ChaneysBlog news lines on Heads Up theory<\/a> and football brain disease<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

A Chicago. (1985, Nov. 18). A Chicago boy hurt. Chicago Inter Ocean<\/em>, p.2.<\/p>\n

A Conservative Medical. (1897, Nov. 20). ). [No headline or byline for stand-alone text in column.] Pittsburgh Daily Post<\/em>, p.4.<\/p>\n

A Few. (1892, Nov. 15). A few \u201cpointers\u201d on rugby foot ball. Iowa City Daily Citizen <\/em>IA, p.3.<\/p>\n

A Fifteen-Year-Old. (1891, Sept. 24). [No headline or byline for stand-alone text in column.] Salina Daily Republican<\/em> KS, p.3.<\/p>\n

A Game. (1892, Jan. 24). A one-sided game. San Francisco Chronicle<\/em>, p.17.<\/p>\n

A Headgear. (1915, Sept. 4). A new headgear. Fort Wayne Daily News<\/em> IN, p.9.<\/p>\n

A Lady. (1889, Nov. 9). A lady Admirer of high kicking. Wilkes-Barre Evening News<\/em> PA, p.4<\/p>\n

A Student. (1885, Nov. 12). A Harvard student fatally injured. Lebanon Daily News<\/em> PA, p.1<\/p>\n

Abramson, J. (1958, Dec. 1). Army beat Navy with muscle, and made a hard job of it. New York Herald Tribune<\/em>, p.B2.<\/p>\n

Action Against. (1926, March 20). Action against forward pass by rule committee. Alton Evening Telegraph<\/em> IL, p.2.<\/p>\n

\u201cAd\u201d Insane. (1927, Sept. 6). \u201cAd\u201d Wolgast, noted fighter, is insane. Bend Bulletin<\/em> OR, p.1.<\/p>\n

Al Drowns. (1930, July 7). Al Lassman of gridiron fame drowns. Logansport Pharos-Tribune<\/em> IN, p.1.<\/p>\n

Allentown Run. (1913, Feb. 2). Allentown High inter-class run. Allentown Democrat<\/em> PA, p.6.<\/p>\n

Amherst Plays. (1891, Oct. 8). Amherst plays a tie. New York Sun<\/em>, p.4.<\/p>\n

Archbishop Bans. (1909, Nov. 4). Archbishop bans football. Sedalia Democrat<\/em> MO, p.7.<\/p>\n

Armor For. (1900, Nov. 11). Armor for football. Chicago Inter Ocean<\/em>, p.45.<\/p>\n

Army Cancel. (1909, Nov. 1). Army will cancel its football engagements. Washington Post<\/em>, p.8.<\/p>\n

Army Engineers. (1894, Dec. 1). Army Engineers\u2019 season closed. New York Times<\/em>, p.7.<\/p>\n

As Seen. (1892, Dec. 4). As seen by Mr. Camp. San Francisco Call<\/em>, p.8.<\/p>\n

At Recent Meeting. (1903, April 7). [No headline or byline for stand-alone text in column.] San Francisco Chronicle<\/em>, p.6.<\/p>\n

Athlete Insane. (1914, Dec. 2). Athlete becomes insane: Result of injury received in football game. Philadelphia Evening Public Ledger<\/em>, p.13.<\/p>\n

Athletic Notes. (1888, Oct. 24). Athletic notes. Philadelphia Times<\/em>, p.7.<\/p>\n

Barker, H.W. (1931, Dec. 30). Coaches look for reason in grid fatalities. Miami Daily News-Record<\/em> OK, p.5.<\/p>\n

Barton, J.W. (1929, May 7). Meaning of \u201cpunch drunk\u201d is given explanation by physician: Science proves brain injured by hard blows. San Bernardino County Sun <\/em>CA, p.6.<\/p>\n

Baseball Dangerous. (1938, Oct. 4). Baseball and polo dangerous. Bloomington Pantagraph<\/em> IL, p.10.<\/p>\n

Becker, J. (1962, April 3). Frank Gifford returning to Giant football wars. Hazelton Standard-Speaker<\/em> PA, p.24.<\/p>\n

Bennett, A.E., & Hunt, H.B. (1933, March). Traumatic encephalitis: Case reports of so-called cerebral concussion with encephalographic findings. Archives of Surgery<\/em>, 26 (3), pp.397-406.<\/p>\n

Bentley, J. (1939, July 2). I may be wrong. Lincoln Star<\/em> NE, p.11.<\/p>\n

Berg, L. (1936, Nov. 25). Something On Your Mind. Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>, p.14.<\/p>\n

Berkeley. (1893, Oct. 3). Berkeley. San Francisco Chronicle<\/em>, p.10.<\/p>\n

Blaik, E.H. (1960, Sept. 9).<\/em>\u00a0Earl Blaik provides “pointers.”\u00a0Ogden Standard-Examiner<\/em> UT, Sports p.1.<\/p>\n

Bliven, L.F. (1962, Nov. 27). Knockout ban urged to halt boxing deaths. Syracuse Post-Standard<\/em> NY, pp.1-6.<\/p>\n

Blood Clots. (1928, Nov. 18). Blood clots make fighter punch drunk. Baltimore Sun<\/em>, p.LT12.<\/p>\n

Bob Martin. (1928, April 24). Bob Martin, boxer, losing life\u2019s battle. Mount Carmel Item<\/em> PA, p.3.<\/p>\n

Boston Ban. (1909, Nov. 27). Boston may ban football. Columbus Republic<\/em> IN, p.1.<\/p>\n

Bowman, K.M., & Blau, A. (1940). Psychotic states following head and brain injury in adults and children<\/em>. In Brock, S., ed., Injuries of the Skull, Brain and Spinal Cord: Neuropsychiatric, Surgical and Medico-Legal Aspects<\/em>. Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, MD.<\/p>\n

Boxers Union. (1938, Feb. 14). Boxers union studies \u201cpunch drunk\u201d victims. Canonsburg Daily Notes<\/em> PA, p.2.<\/p>\n

Boxing Weight. (1938, June 24). Boxing weight limits lifted. Baltimore Sun<\/em>, p.17.<\/p>\n

Boy Bandit. (1930, June 22). Boy bandit gets five years for $10 store robbery. Anniston Star<\/em> AL, p.6.<\/p>\n

Boyle, R. (1983, April 11). Too many punches, too little concern. Sports Illustrated<\/em>, pp.44-67.<\/p>\n

Brady, D. (2004). A Preliminary Investigation of Active and Retired NFL Players\u2019 Knowledge of Concussions<\/em>. Union Institute and University: Cincinnati, OH.<\/p>\n

Brady, W. (1929, Feb. 1). Personal health service. Hartford Courant<\/em> CT, p.10.<\/p>\n

Brady, W. (1929, July 7). Sunday health talks. Atlanta Constitution<\/em>, p. E20.<\/p>\n

Brady, W. (1929, Oct. 25). Personal health service. Hartford Courant<\/em> CT, p.10.<\/p>\n

Brady, W. (1930, Nov. 18). Health talks. Atlanta Constitution<\/em>, p.6.<\/p>\n

Brady, W. (1931, Dec. 31). Health talks. Atlanta Constitution<\/em>, p.6.<\/p>\n

Brady, W. (1952, Nov. 27). Child football games cause injury, strain. Los Angeles Times<\/em>, p.B8.<\/p>\n

Brady, W. (1961, July 9). Dr. Brady\u2019s health service. Anderson Herald<\/em> IN, p.4.<\/p>\n

Brain Specialist. (1931, Jan. 8). Brain specialist on strange case. Sedalia Democrat<\/em> MO, p.4.<\/p>\n

Brewer, A. (1945, Sept. 6). What\u2019s Brewin\u2019: Tackling. Naugatuk Daily News<\/em> CT, p.6.<\/p>\n

Brickley, C. (1921, Oct. 27). Brickley, in second article on rudiments of football, treats the art of tackling. St. Louis Post-Dispatch<\/em>, p.36.<\/p>\n

Bugle Calling. (1914, Oct. 18). Bugle calling horses to post will sound at Latonia to-day. Cincinnati Enquirer<\/em>, p.41.<\/p>\n

Burg, C.C. (1934, Oct. 7). Many great football players finish their careers punch drunk. Harrisburg Sunday Courier<\/em> PA, p.3.<\/p>\n

Burnett, A. (1932, Oct. 30). Dr. Marvin A. (Mal) Stevens, head coach of the Yale University football team and president of the American Football Coaches Association. Washington Post<\/em>, p.MS3.<\/p>\n

Busch\u2019s Life. (1888, April 25). Inquiry to save Busch\u2019s life. Chicago Inter Ocean<\/em>, p.7.<\/p>\n

Cal Poly. (1960, Sept. 23). Cal Poly slates new examinations after grid death. Reno Evening Gazette<\/em> NV, p.6.<\/p>\n

California Penn. (1924, Dec. 25). California and Penn teams use similar tactics. Oakland Tribune<\/em>, p.24.<\/p>\n

Camp, W. (1890). Foot-Ball Rules and Referee\u2019s Book<\/em>. American Intercollegiate Association. A.G. Spalding & Brothers: New York.<\/p>\n

Camp, W. (1891, Oct. 10). The best way to win. Indianapolis News<\/em>, p.11.<\/p>\n

Camp, W. (1891, Nov. 29). On defensive play. Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>, p.12.<\/p>\n

Camp, W. (1919, Oct. 18). Walter Camp\u2019s inside football. Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette<\/em>, p.12<\/p>\n

Camp, W., & DeLand, L.F. (1896). Foot Ball<\/em>. Houghton,Mifflin and Company: Boston, New York.<\/p>\n

Captain Out. (1893, Nov. 28). Harvard\u2019s captain is out. Chicago Inter Ocean<\/em>, p.8.<\/p>\n

Carlson, C. (1961, Sept. 20). Doctor has scorn for bans on sports. Kansas City Times<\/em>, p.9.<\/p>\n

Carr, C.M. (1932, Nov. 15). Varsity squad put through fast session getting ready for Duke. Chapel Hill Daily Tar Heel<\/em> NC, p.3.<\/p>\n

Carroll, E.J. (1936). Punch drunk. American Journal of Medical Sciences<\/em>, 191 (5), pp.706-712.<\/p>\n

Chaney, M. (2009). Spiral of Denial: Muscle Doping in American Football<\/em>. Four Walls Publishing: Warrensburg MO.<\/p>\n

Changing Rules. (1925, Dec. 31). Changing grid rules. Altoona Tribune<\/em> PA, p.8.<\/p>\n

Chasing Pigskin. (1901, Sept. 30). Chasing the pigskin. Wilkes-Barre Evening News<\/em> PA, p.5.<\/p>\n

Chicago Medical. (1882, May 2). Chicago Medical Society. Chicago Daily Tribune<\/em>, p.3.<\/p>\n

City Football. (1909, Dec. 9). City school football dead. New York Sun<\/em>, p.1.<\/p>\n

Clendening, L. (1931, May 31). \u2018Punch drunk\u2019 state caused by head injury. Kingsport Times<\/em> IN, p.7.<\/p>\n

Clendening, L. (1936, June 9). Diet and health. Mason City<\/em> Globe-Gazette<\/em> IA., p.12.<\/p>\n

Coach Heisman. (1903, Dec. 23). Coach Heisman asks changes. Atlanta Constitution<\/em>, p.3.<\/p>\n

Coaches Hint. (1961, Oct. 25). Coaches hint factor on grid deaths. Indiana Evening Gazette<\/em> IN, p.22.<\/p>\n

Coaches Propose. (1961, Oct. 13). Coaches propose safety study to reduce football fatalities. New York Times<\/em>, p.46.<\/p>\n

Coaches Safer. (1962, Jan. 11). Coaches\u2019 unit outlines program at making football safer. Appleton Post-Crescent<\/em> WI, p.C1.<\/p>\n

Coaches See. (1935, Nov. 13). Coaches see lack of supervision as cause of deaths. Reading Times<\/em> PA, p.13.<\/p>\n

Cohn, A. (1936, Dec. 12). Cohn-ning tower. Oakland Tribune<\/em>, p.9.<\/p>\n

Cohn, A. (1939, Nov. 4). And that\u2019s what they call \u2018courage.\u2019 Oakland Tribune<\/em>, p.10.<\/p>\n

College Boys. (1885, Nov. 2). College boys playing football. Wilkes-Barre Times<\/em> PA, p.1.<\/p>\n

College Foot-Ball. (1888, Dec. 1). College foot-ball. Chicago Inter Ocean<\/em>, p.2.<\/p>\n

Collingdale Leather. (1960, Jan. 15). Collingdale may shift to leather. Delaware Daily Times<\/em> PA, p.16.<\/p>\n

Comment Sports. (1909, Dec. 27). Comment on sports: Reform in football. New York Tribune<\/em>, p.5.<\/p>\n

Condones Habits. (1903, Feb. 12). Condones bad habits. Oakland Tribune<\/em>, p.3.<\/p>\n

Connett, W.C. (1906, Aug. 16). The roving forward; quarterback kick. St. Louis Post-Dispatch<\/em>, p.14.<\/p>\n

Crawford, F.W. (1944, Oct. 20). Cornhuskers and Jayhawkers in renewal of feud. Muscatine Journal and News Tribune<\/em> IA, p.8.<\/p>\n

Cunningham, B. (1939, December). Football not for my son. Cosmopolitan<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Currie, G. (1928, Oct. 14). Yale upsets Georgia while N.Y.U. and Columbia win. Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>, p.33.<\/p>\n

Currie, G. (1928, Nov. 5). Would an Oberlander have brought victory to Dartmouth? Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>, p.36.<\/p>\n

Currie, G. (1932, Jan. 3). Year to see football in hands of men bent on reforming it. Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>, p.43.<\/p>\n

Cutter, I.S. (1936, Sept. 24). Today\u2019s health talk. Washington Post<\/em>, p.XII.<\/p>\n

Daley, A. (1960, Nov. 17). Sports of The Times. Warner County Observer<\/em> PA, p.17.<\/p>\n

Daley, G. (1936, Sept. 6). Sport talk. New York Herald Tribune<\/em>, p.B2.<\/p>\n

Daly, C.D. (1920, Oct. 10). Good team work depends on correct position play. Boston Daily Globe<\/em>, p.F6.<\/p>\n

Davis, P.H. (1911). Football: The American Intercollegiate Game<\/em>. Charles Scribner\u2019s Sons: New York.<\/p>\n

Days Numbered. (1909, Nov. 16). Days of flying tackle are numbered; cause of many fatalities. New Castle Herald<\/em> PA, p.5.<\/p>\n

Deals Blow. (1905, Nov. 7). Deals a blow to football: Jury that investigates the death of young player says game is demoralizing. San Francisco Call<\/em>, p.7.<\/p>\n

Death Tackler. (1897, Oct. 27). Death was the tackler. New York World<\/em>, p.5.<\/p>\n

Decker Brothers. (1940, Oct. 1). Sporting tops war interest, guns increase. Mason City Globe-Gazette<\/em>, p.42.<\/p>\n

Definition Sought. (1937, Feb. 28). Definition sought for \u2018punch drunk\u2019 in court battle. Atlanta Constitution<\/em>, p.2B.<\/p>\n

Detroit Teaches. (1933, Oct. 4). Detroit teaches players to tackle high. Tyrone Daily Herald<\/em> PA, p.7.<\/p>\n

Dietzel, P.F. (1962, Sept. 7). Good, solid tackles give many thrills. Stroudsburg Pocono Record<\/em> PA, p.13.<\/p>\n

Dillingham, J.B. (1937, Sept. 30). Frank Scully knows bed-pans but doesn\u2019t know football players. Columbia Daily Spectator<\/em> NY, p.2.<\/p>\n

Dispute Game. (1885, Nov. 1). Dispute over a foot-ball game. Philadelphia Times<\/em>, p.2.<\/p>\n

Doctor Advocates. (1938, March 2). Doctor advocates abolition of boxing as college sport. Corsicana Daily Sun<\/em> TX, p.8.<\/p>\n

Doctor Favors. (1961, Nov. 4). Doctor favors dropping face masks from football helmets. Appleton Post-Crescent<\/em> WI, p.8.<\/p>\n

Doctors Condemn. (1962, Oct. 3). Doctors condemn helmet blocks. Odessa American<\/em> TX, p.36.<\/p>\n

Doctors Sport. (1960, Dec. 12). Doctors on sport. Time, 76 (24), pp.72,75.<\/p>\n

Dr. Martland. (1954, May 2). Dr. Martland dies; radium pathologist. New York Herald Tribune<\/em>, p.66.<\/p>\n

Dr. Stevens. (1932, Oct. 30). Dr. Marvin A. (Mal) Stevens, head coach of the Yale University football team. Washington Post<\/em>, p.MS3.<\/p>\n

Eastern Officials. (1925, Dec. 28). Eastern football officials to seek revision of rules. Springfield Leader<\/em> MO, p.6.<\/p>\n

Eckersall, W. (1922, Sept. 12). Tackling art needs coaches\u2019 attention. Chicago Daily Tribune<\/em>, p.22.<\/p>\n

Edgren, R. (1919, June 13). Champion weighs 252 pounds after grueling workout. St. Louis Post-Dispatch<\/em> MO, p.21.<\/p>\n

Effie\u2019s Effusions. (1928, Jan. 24). Effie\u2019s effusions. Wilkes-Barre Evening News<\/em> PA, p.19.<\/p>\n

Erichsen, J.E. (1866). Injuries of the Nervous System: On Railway and Other Injuries of the Nervous System<\/em>. In Brand, R.A., ed. (2007, May) Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research<\/em>, 458, pp.47-51.<\/p>\n

Evans, R.W. (1994). The postconcussion syndrome: 130 years of controversy. Seminars in Neurology<\/em>, 14, pp.32-39.<\/p>\n

Excerpts Letters. (1937, Sept. 12). Excerpts from our letters. Washington Post<\/em>, p.B9.<\/p>\n

Explaining Failure. (1937, Oct. 17). Explaining failure of boxers\u2019 memories. Baltimore Sun<\/em>, p.SH10.<\/p>\n

Fair Harvard. (1888, Nov. 18). Fair Harvard is humbled. Chicago Inter Ocean<\/em>, p.2.<\/p>\n

Fauver, E., Thorndike, A., & Raycroft, J.E. (1933, July). National Collegiate Athletic Association Medical Handbook for Schools and Colleges<\/em>. Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ.<\/p>\n

Fight Game. (1927, July 24). Fight game beneficial to boxers, asserts Brombe. Hartford Courant<\/em> CT, p.5B.<\/p>\n

Fighters Not. (1932, June 5). Fighters are not alone in being \u2018punch drunk.\u2019 Hartford Courant<\/em> CT, p.C5.<\/p>\n

Fighting For. (1928, May 17). Fighting for his life. Roseburg News-Review<\/em> OR, p.10.<\/p>\n

First Death. (1924, Sept. 12). First football death recorded. Bismarck Tribune<\/em> ND, p.8.<\/p>\n

Fishbein, M. (1927, Aug. 29). Your health. Reading Times<\/em> PA, p.6.<\/p>\n

Fishbein, M. (1928, Oct. 25). Brain often injured by punches in prize ring. Franklin News-Herald<\/em> PA, p.9.<\/p>\n

Fishbein, M. (1933, Oct. 10). Six rules for safety\u2014medical authorities on athletics set down requirements to guard against injuries in fall sports. Bradford Evening Daily Record<\/em> PA, p.2.<\/p>\n

Fishbein, M. (1933, Oct. 19). Daily hints on health. Manitowac Herald-Times<\/em> WI, p.5.<\/p>\n

Fishbein, M. (1934, Sept. 23). Guard gridsters against injuries from bruises. Brownsville Herald<\/em> TX, p.4.<\/p>\n

Fishbein, M. (1939, Sept. 21). Coaches should watch for concussion, tape ankles, knees of grid players. Manitowoc Herald-Times<\/em> WI, p.4.<\/p>\n

Fishbein, M. (1940, Feb. 21). Internal effect of head blow is a puzzle to medical profession. Wilkes-Barre Evening News<\/em> PA, p.10.<\/p>\n

Fodder Box. (1932, Nov. 27). Fodder for sports from the press box. Bluefield Daily Telegraph <\/em>WV, p.9.<\/p>\n

Foot Ball. (1886, Dec. 5). Foot ball. Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>, p.1.<\/p>\n

Foot Ball. (1887, Nov. 13). Foot-ball. Chicago Daily Tribune<\/em>, p.14.<\/p>\n

Foot Ball. (1888, Dec. 2). Foot-ball. Chicago Inter Ocean<\/em>, p.2.<\/p>\n

Foot Ball. (1890, Dec. 3). Foot-ball vs. prize-fighting. St. Louis Post-Dispatch<\/em>, p.10.<\/p>\n

Foot Ball. (1895, Sept. 26). Foot ball and prize fighting, Greenville Record-Argus<\/em> PA, p.4.<\/p>\n

Foot Ball. (1901, Nov. 14). Foot-ball. Philadelphia Times<\/em>, p.12.<\/p>\n

Foot-Ball\u2019s Victim. (1896, Nov. 19). Foot-ball\u2019s victim. Lawrence Weekly World<\/em> KS, p.5.<\/p>\n

Football. (1902, Oct. 30). Football. Vancouver Daily World<\/em>, British Columbia, Canada.<\/p>\n

Football. (1910, Sept. 17). Football. Coshocton Daily Age<\/em> OH, p.7.<\/p>\n

Football Armor. (1897, Oct. 3). Football armor: Changes in the devices for players this year. Chicago Daily Tribune<\/em>, p.38.<\/p>\n

Football Armor. (1899, Dec. 21). Football armor. Marion Crittenden Press<\/em> KY, p.6.<\/p>\n

Football Changed. (1888, May 7). Football rules changed. New York Times<\/em>, p.1.<\/p>\n

Football Crippler. (1939, Nov. 9). Football is a crippler. Whitewright Sun<\/em> TX, p.4.<\/p>\n

Football Dangerous. (1908, Oct. 28). Football dangerous, as record shows. Salt Lake Tribune<\/em>, p.11.<\/p>\n

Football Death. (1895, Dec. 5). Football causes death. Belle Plaine News<\/em> KS, p.2.<\/p>\n

Football Factor. (1911, Jan. 31). Football factor for evil. Syracuse Post-Standard<\/em> NY, p.10.<\/p>\n

Football Fight. (1905, Feb. 2). Football is a fight, says President Eliot. New York Times<\/em>, p.6.<\/p>\n

Football Games. (1892, March 6). Football games: Plenty of blood spilled at Central Park. San Francisco Chronicle<\/em>, p.17.<\/p>\n

Football Headgear. (1903, Aug. 17). Foot ball players head gear. Mount Carmel Daily News<\/em> PA, p.1.<\/p>\n

Football Hurt. (1901, Sept. 28). Football player hurt at Stanford. San Francisco Chronicle<\/em>, p.4.<\/p>\n

Football Injuries. (1894, May 8). Football injuries. New York Tribune<\/em>, p.4.<\/p>\n

Football Injury. (1915, Dec. 6). Football injury may have been responsible: Raymond E. Yerger, former high school athlete, a suicide in state hospital. Allentown Democrat<\/em> PA, p.5.<\/p>\n

Football Killed. (1914, Oct. 13). Football player killed. Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>, p.14.<\/p>\n

Football List. (1926, Dec. 9). Football list deaths smaller. Whitewright Sun<\/em> TX, p.6.<\/p>\n

Football Menace. (1910, Jan. 12). Football menace is diving tackle, says expert. Monongahela Daily Republican<\/em> PA, p.3.<\/p>\n

Football Notes. (1893, Nov. 8). Football notes. Topeka Daily Capital <\/em>KS, p.4.<\/p>\n

Football Rules. (1912, Sept. 23). Football rules for 1912. Greensboro Daily News<\/em> NC, p.2.<\/p>\n

Football Squad. (1913, Oct. 9). Football squad has first workout of season. Winston-Salem Journal<\/em> NC, p.7.<\/p>\n

For Safer. (1910, Jan. 26). For safer football. Washington Herald<\/em> DC, p.8.<\/p>\n

Forced Quit. (1909, Nov. 18). Forced to quit school. Newport Miner<\/em> WA, p.8.<\/p>\n

Fordham Star. (1931, Dec. 3). Fordham star dies of hurts and sets sports-loving fans wondering of aftermath. Danville Bee<\/em> VA, p.8.<\/p>\n

Former Star. (1928, Nov. 30). Former Yale star beats up his wife. Helena Independent Record<\/em> MT, p.1.<\/p>\n

Fraley, O. (1961, Oct. 30). Manufacturer defends plastic grid helmet. Redlands Daily Facts<\/em> CA, p.9.<\/p>\n

Frank, N. (1934, Dec. 29). It just occurred to me. Harrisburg Telegraph <\/em>PA, p.8.<\/p>\n

Frank Scully. (1937, Sept. 30). Frank Scully gives inside dope. Wilkes-Barre Evening News<\/em> PA, p.28.<\/p>\n

Friedman Safety. (1934, April 27). Friedman for safety. New York Times<\/em>, p.28.<\/p>\n

Geary, M.J. (1892, Dec. 4). Seen by a novice. San Francisco Call<\/em>, p.8.<\/p>\n

Gemmell, R. (1939, March 31). Sport sparks. Oregon Statesman<\/em>, p.17.<\/p>\n

Georgia Tech. (1929, Jan. 2). Georgia Tech wins national title by defeating California: Was Riegels punch-drunk when he made that weird run? Portsmouth Daily Times<\/em> OH, p.12.<\/p>\n

Getty, F. (1928, April 14). Sportsmatter. Klamath News<\/em> OR, p.2.<\/p>\n

Goals Touchdowns. (1890, Nov. 2). Goals and touchdowns. Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>, p.8.<\/p>\n

Gold Triumphs. (1911, Dec. 1). Gold and black triumphs over Sewanee purple. Nashville Tennessean and Nashville American<\/em>, p.1.<\/p>\n

Goss Coach. (1904, Oct. 10). Goss to coach. Minneapolis Journal<\/em>, p.14.<\/p>\n

Got Craze. (1914, Dec. 9). Got murder craze from gridiron kick. Greenwood Daily Journal<\/em> SC, p.5.<\/p>\n

Gould, A. (1930, Jan. 28). Sports slants. Miami Daily News-Record<\/em> OK, p.5.<\/p>\n

Government Study. (1936, April 27). Government to make study of punch drunks [London]. Big Spring Daily Herald<\/em> TX, p.8<\/p>\n

Government Waste. (1936, May 26). Government waste held \u2018punch-drunk.\u2019 Ogden Standard-Examiner<\/em> UT, p.10.<\/p>\n

Graves, E. (1921, Oct. 2). The line\u2019s the thing, says Maj. Graves. Boston Daily Globe<\/em>, p.E5.<\/p>\n

Grid News. (1933, Oct. 17). Grid news and views from B.H.S. Blytheville Courier News<\/em> AR, p.6.<\/p>\n

Grid Elbow. (1962, Jan. 8). Grid elbow big weapon. Brandon Sun<\/em>, Manitoba, Canada, p.9.<\/p>\n

Gridder Recovering. (1919, Oct. 2). Gridder recovering. Pittsburgh Daily Post<\/em>, p.14.<\/p>\n

Gridder Saved. (1942, April 21). Gridder saved by plastic helmet. New Philadelphia Daily Times<\/em> OH, p.5.<\/p>\n

Gridiron Gossip. (1906, Sept. 30). Gridiron gossip. Washington Post<\/em>, p.3.<\/p>\n

Griffen, C.R. (1933, Jan. 31). Daily cross-word puzzle. New York Herald Tribune<\/em>, p.31.<\/p>\n

Grist Mill. (1934, Dec. 19). Grist From The sports mill. Hartford Courant<\/em> CT, p.16.<\/p>\n

Guardian For. (1917, April 3). Guardian for Wolgast. Wichita Beacon<\/em> KS, p.7.<\/p>\n

Guidry, B. (1960, Aug. 7). Racing helmets on Hobbs gridiron? Hobbs Daily News-Sun<\/em> NM, p.7.<\/p>\n

Hailey, A. (1939, Sept. 10). Boxing leaders plan knockout blows against fight game\u2019s evils. Washington Post<\/em>, p.B7.<\/p>\n

Hailey, F. (1934, Dec. 28). Challenge to reduce football casualties issued by professor. Salem Daily Capital Journal<\/em> OR, p.9.<\/p>\n

Hand, J. (1955, June 10). New York physician calls other sports tougher than boxing. Escanaba Daily Press<\/em> MI, p.12.<\/p>\n

Harness Football. (1900, Nov. 12). Harness in football, Fort Wayne Daily News<\/em> IN, p.8.<\/p>\n

Harrison, E.A. (2014, May). The first concussion crisis: Head injury and evidence in early American football. American Journal of Public Health<\/em>, 104 (5), pp.822-33.<\/p>\n

Harry Forbes. (Nov. 4, 1919). Harry Forbes says healer will help him. Bloomington Pantagraph<\/em> IL, p.15.<\/p>\n

Harvard Expected. (1928, Nov. 24). Harvard expected to take important game in New England today. Coshocton Tribune<\/em> OH, p.6.<\/p>\n

Harvard Jolted. (1911, Nov. 12). Harvard is jolted by the Carlisle Indians. Pittsburgh Daily Post<\/em>, p.18.<\/p>\n

Harvard Student. (1885, Nov. 12). A Harvard student fatally injured. Lebanon Daily News<\/em> PA, p.1.<\/p>\n

Harvard Students. (1895, Feb. 21). Harvard students angry. New York World<\/em>, p.6.<\/p>\n

Harvard\u2019s Team. (1892, Nov. 20). Harvard\u2019s football team beaten six to nothing. New York Herald, p.1.<\/p>\n

Head Blocking. (1962, Oct. 24). Head blocking under scrutiny. Beckley Post-Herald<\/em> WV, p.2.<\/p>\n

Head-On Collision. (1933, Sept. 28). Head-on collision results in grid death in East. Fresno Bee Republican<\/em> CA, p.30.<\/p>\n

Headgear Report. (1962, May 22). Headgear report is made public. Gettysburg Times<\/em> PA, p.5.<\/p>\n

Health Hygiene. (1936, Nov. 9). Health and hygiene: Football and head injuries. Sault Marie Evening News<\/em> MI, p.4.<\/p>\n

Henry, B. (1924, Nov. 2). California Bears rout Trojans in sensational battle. Los Angeles Times<\/em>, p.A1.<\/p>\n

Herald Class. (1935, Aug. 11). Herald Tribune football class to hear Little explain defense: Columbia coach to lecture on unique style of line play, blocking, tackling. New York Herald Tribune<\/em>, p.B5.<\/p>\n

Hilton, M. (1958, Nov. 4). Protest jumping on University Trojan coach [LTE]. Waco News-Herald<\/em> TX, p.4.<\/p>\n

Hitting Line. (1923, Sept. 13). Football lessons, hitting the line. Decatur Herald<\/em> IL, p.16.<\/p>\n

Hollingworth, F. (1963, April 11). Sports merry-go-round: Doctors argue on boxing! Long Beach Independent<\/em> CA, p.39.<\/p>\n

Homicidal From. (1914, Dec. 6). Homicidal from football. Washington Post<\/em>, p.19.<\/p>\n

How Played. (1887, Nov. 25). How it is played. Fitchburg Sentinel<\/em> MA, p.4.<\/p>\n

How Won. (1891, Nov. 27). How the game was won. New York Times<\/em>, p.2.<\/p>\n

Hughes, E. (1931, Oct. 18). Those \u2018punch drunk\u2019 scrimmagers. Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>, p.31.<\/p>\n

Hughes, E. (1936, March 27). Punch-drunks. Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>, p.28.<\/p>\n

Hughes, E. (1937, April 12). \u201cOn account of repeated beatings.\u201d Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>, p.18.<\/p>\n

Humble Cornell. (1899, Oct. 15). Humble Cornell\u2019s pride. Chicago Daily Tribune<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Hurt Memory. (1900, Nov. 13). Hurt at football, lost memory. Pittsburgh Daily Post<\/em>, p.6.<\/p>\n

Husband Slays. (1933, Sept. 25). Husband slays wife. Kingsport Times<\/em> TN, p.3.<\/p>\n

Hyman, H.T. (1961, Jan. 3). The doctor talks about: Head injury. Troy Record<\/em> NY, p.6.<\/p>\n

Indiana Drill. (1910, June 9). Indiana drill shows new football rough. Indianapolis News<\/em>, p.12.<\/p>\n

Indiana News. (1917, Jan. 31). Indiana news in brief. Indianapolis News<\/em>, p.15.<\/p>\n

Indians Good. (1895, Nov. 29). Indians play good football. New York Times, p.6.<\/p>\n

Indians Practice. (1899, Dec. 13). Indians practice on Folsom Street field. San Francisco Chronicle<\/em>, p.14.<\/p>\n

Ingram, B. (1935, Oct. 30). As I was saying. El Paso Herald-Post<\/em> TX.<\/p>\n

Injured Gridder. (1937, Oct. 26). Injured gridder to play. Fresno Bee<\/em> CA, p.10.<\/p>\n

Inquiry Save. (1888, April 25). Inquiry to save Busch\u2019s life. Chicago Inter Ocean<\/em>, p.7.<\/p>\n

Inter Collegiate. (1887, March 27). Inter-college foot-ball. Philadelphia Times<\/em>, p.2.<\/p>\n

Intercollegiate Foot-Ball. (1889, March 21). Intercollegiate foot-ball. Chicago Inter Ocean<\/em>, p.2.<\/p>\n

Interest Football. (1889, Nov. 30). Interest in foot-ball. Chicago Inter Ocean<\/em>, p.4.<\/p>\n

Investigation Proves. (1909, Dec. 26). Investigation proves injuries in football have been exaggerated. Chicago Inter Ocean<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Iola Theatre. (1934, Aug. 2). The Three Stooges \u201cPunch Drunk\u201d [advertisement]. Iola Register<\/em> KS, p.8.<\/p>\n

Irish Prepared. (1933, Sept. 1). Irish trainer prepared for 1,440 \u201cknock outs.\u201d Rushville Republican<\/em> IN, p.3.<\/p>\n

Is Football? (1894, Dec. 13). Is football too brutal to play? Winnipeg Tribune<\/em>, Manitoba, Canada, p.2.<\/p>\n

It Was. (1889, Nov. 29). It was a hard fought contest. Chicago Daily Tribune<\/em>, p.2.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s Dementia. (1938, Jan. 16). It\u2019s \u2018dementia pugilistica\u2019 and not \u2018punch drunk.\u2019 New York Times<\/em>, p.67.<\/p>\n

Jab, J. (1911, April 14). Fistic foibles. Pittsburgh Press<\/em>, p.27.<\/p>\n

JAMA. (1906, Jan. 13). Surgical aspects of football [editorial]. Journal of the American Medical Association<\/em>, 46 (2), pp.122-23.<\/p>\n

Johnston, A. (1887, October). The American game of football. The Century Illustrated Magazine Monthly Magazine<\/em>, 34 (6).<\/p>\n

Keane, A.W. (1931, July 11). Calling \u2019em right. Hartford Courant<\/em> CT, p.12.<\/p>\n

Keane, A.W. (1934, Jan. 26). Calling \u2019em right. Hartford Courant<\/em> CT, p.16.<\/p>\n

Keane, A.W. (1938, June 1). Calling \u2019em right. Hartford Courant<\/em> CT, p.11.<\/p>\n

Kegg, J.S. (1962, Feb. 6). Tapping the sports Kegg. Cumberland Evening Times<\/em> MD, p.10.<\/p>\n

Kemble, R.P. (1937, Feb. 10). Odds and ends. Mount Carmel Item<\/em> PA, p.2.<\/p>\n

Kicking Foot Ball. (1892, Oct. 24). Kicking the foot ball. Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>, p.8.<\/p>\n

Kiernan, J. (1933, Feb. 12). Sport of the times. New York Times<\/em>, p.54.<\/p>\n

Kilbane, J. (1939, July 16). \u201cLet\u2019s make them right.\u201d Los Angeles Times<\/em>, p.13.<\/p>\n

Knute Knows. (1930, Dec. 23). Knute knows best. Hamilton Journal News<\/em> OH, p.6.<\/p>\n

Laid Rest. (1915, Dec. 10). Laid to rest. Allentown Leader<\/em> PA, p.6.<\/p>\n

Lake Forest. (1899, Oct. 22). Lake Forest player is injured. Chicago Daily Tribune<\/em>, p.22.<\/p>\n

Latest Football. (1940, Oct. 16). Latest in football fashion [photo cutline]. Chapel Hill Daily Tar Heel<\/em> NC, p.3.<\/p>\n

Laugh At. (1894, Feb. 10). Laugh at the anti-football bill. New York World<\/em>, p.6.<\/p>\n

Lee, B. (1945, Dec. 1). Will malice toward none. Hartford Courant<\/em> CT, p.9.<\/p>\n

Lewis, G.M. (1965). The American Intercollegiate Football Spectacle, 1869-1917<\/em>. University of Maryland: College Park.<\/p>\n

Like Knights. (1937, Oct. 25). Like knights of old. Mount Carmel Item<\/em> PA, p.5.<\/p>\n

Linthicum, J.A. (1932, Aug. 7). Ring and rasslin\u2019 racket. Baltimore Sun<\/em>, p.S5.<\/p>\n

Little Mike. (1909, Nov. 7). Little Mike Walker is one of the smallest coaches, and likewise one of the quietest. St. Louis Post-Dispatch<\/em>, p.2S.<\/p>\n

Local Football. (1920, Nov. 20). Local football team will have hard week. Richmond Times-Dispatch<\/em>, p.3.<\/p>\n

Local Wise. (1895, Oct. 3). Local and other-wise. Fayette County Leader<\/em> IA, p.8.<\/p>\n

Locals Walk. (1917, Sept. 30). Locals walk away from Tuscola High, 37 to 13. Decatur Herald<\/em> IL, p.8<\/p>\n

Lockwood, P.E. (1926, Nov. 26). Hanson\u2019s field day is Lions\u2019 doomsday. Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>, p.26.<\/p>\n

Lost Points. (1892, Oct. 30). Lost by two points. Chicago Daily Tribune<\/em>, p.6.<\/p>\n

Magazines. (1885, Aug. 13). Magazines. Washington National Tribune<\/em> DC, p.8.<\/p>\n

Mal Stevens. (1951, Nov. 17). Mal Stevens to head N.Y. boxing board. Decatur Herald<\/em> IL, p.4.<\/p>\n

Mal Stevens. (1962, Sept. 9). Mal Stevens sees night football boosting injuries: It\u2019s basically a safe game. Boston Globe<\/em>, p.A44.<\/p>\n

Many Changes. (1910, Jan. 9). Many changes suggested in football rules by former college players. Pittsburgh Daily Post<\/em>, p.17.<\/p>\n

Maroons Arrive. (1898, Oct. 31). Maroons arrive today. Chicago Daily Tribune<\/em>, p.4.<\/p>\n

Marsh, I.T. (1952, Nov. 21). College viewpoint. New York Herald Tribune<\/em>, p.24.<\/p>\n

Martland, H.S. (1928, Oct. 13). Punch drunk. Journal of the American Medical Association<\/em>, 91 (15), pp.1103-07.<\/p>\n

Martland Retires. (1953, Nov. 26). \u2018Medical Sherlock Holmes\u2019: Martland, radiation expert, retires as Essex examiner. New York Herald Tribune<\/em>, p.16.<\/p>\n

McCormack, P. (1960, Aug. 21). Medics decry athletics. Los Angeles Times<\/em>, p.K10.<\/p>\n

McGeehan, W.O. (1929, Jan. 29). The strenuous game. New York Herald Tribune<\/em>, p.25.<\/p>\n

McGeehan, W.O. (1929, Nov. 26). And so it goes. New York Herald Tribune<\/em>, p.38.<\/p>\n

McGeehan, W.O. (1932, Aug. 23). Down the line. New York Herald Tribune<\/em>, p.19.<\/p>\n

McGill, R. (1932, Feb. 16). Break of the day! Atlanta Constitution<\/em>, p.10.<\/p>\n

McIntyre, G.R. (1932, Nov. 10). Chaff\u2019n chatterR. Appleton Post-Crescent<\/em> WI, p.13.<\/p>\n

Medical Notes. (1887, April 7). Medical notes. Abilene Weekly Reflector<\/em> KS, p.6.<\/p>\n

Memorable Day. (1910, June 22). Memorable day for Allentown H.S. graduates. Allentown Democrat <\/em>PA, pp.1-7.<\/p>\n

Menke, F.C. (1926, Oct. 26). Will to win gets outstanding call on football field. Charleston Gazette<\/em> WV, p.8.<\/p>\n

Mental Test. (1939, Dec. 28). Boxing solon suspends 81 fighters: Mental test may bar punch drunk fighters. Wilkes-Barre Evening News<\/em> PA, p.18.<\/p>\n

Mentally Deranged. (1914, Dec. 1). Mentally deranged result of injury. Allentown Leader<\/em> PA, p.1.<\/p>\n

Metzger, S. (1925, Oct. 5). Football secrets. Boston Daily Globe<\/em>, p.6.<\/p>\n

Metzger, S. (1925, Oct. 31). Football secrets. Boston Daily Globe<\/em>, p.12.<\/p>\n

Midshipmen Wilson. (1909, Nov. 1). Midshipmen Wilson dying from football injuries. Atlanta Constitution<\/em>, p.6.<\/p>\n

Might Bowl. (1960, Nov. 8). Might have Bowl here. Lubbock Avalanche-Journal<\/em> TX, p.27.<\/p>\n

Millard, H. (1935, Oct. 9). Bait and bugs. Decatur Daily Review<\/em> IL, p.20.<\/p>\n

Mitten Pastime. (1924, Nov. 4). Mitten pastime in tangled mess. Lincoln Star<\/em> NE, p.10.<\/p>\n

Montenigro, P.H., Corp, D.T., Stein, T.D., Cantu, R.C., & Stern, R.A. (2015, March). Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: Historical origins and current perspective. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology<\/em>, 11, pp.309-30.<\/p>\n

Mooney, J. (1959, May 27). Sports mirror. Salt Lake Tribune<\/em>, p.13.<\/p>\n

Morrison, T. (1961, Jan. 8). On the sidelines. Idaho State Journal<\/em>, p.11.<\/p>\n

Mr. Walter Camp. (1890, Nov. 29). [No headline or byline for stand-alone text in column.] Winnipeg Tribune<\/em>, Manitoba, Canada, p.4.<\/p>\n

Mulling Athletics. (1937, Nov. 18). Mulling over athletics. Chapel Hill Daily Tar Heel<\/em> NC, p.2.<\/p>\n

Murray, T. (1958, Oct. 22). Gulf Coast sports. La Marque Times<\/em> TX, p.8.<\/p>\n

New Armor. (1903, Aug. 10). New football armor. York Daily<\/em> PA, p.4.<\/p>\n

New Blocking. (1958, Sept. 14). New blocking rule may result in raft of shoulder injuries. Terre Haute Tribune<\/em> IN, p.34.<\/p>\n

New Football. (1903, Aug. 8). New football devices. St. Louis Post-Dispatch<\/em>, p.29.<\/p>\n

New Gridiron. (1912, Feb. 18). New gridiron game is just Yale\u2019s kind. Anaconda Standard<\/em> MT, p.23.<\/p>\n

New Helmet. (1943, July 2). New helmet is much better. Cumberland News<\/em> MD, p.4.<\/p>\n

New Rules. (1887, Oct. 29). New foot-ball rules. St. Louis Post-Dispatch<\/em>, p.8.<\/p>\n

New Rules. (1910, April 9). New football rules make safer game. Winfield Daily Press<\/em> KS, p.7.<\/p>\n

News Day. (1939, Sept. 28). News of the day. Van Nuys News<\/em> CA, p.6.<\/p>\n

Nichols, E.H., & Smith, H.B. (1906, Jan. 4). The physical aspect of American football. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal<\/em>, 154 (1), pp.1-8.<\/p>\n

No Mollycoddles. (1907, Feb. 24). No mollycoddles, says Roosevelt. New York Times<\/em>, p.1.<\/p>\n

No More. (1883, Nov. 23). No more football at Harvard. New York Times<\/em>, p.1.<\/p>\n

Notes From. (1939, Nov. 7). Notes from a football pressbox. Logansport Pharos-Tribune<\/em> IN, p.2.<\/p>\n

O\u2019Brien, J. (1938, Dec. 1). Canonsburg cannonades. Canonsburg Daily Notes<\/em> PA, p.8.<\/p>\n

Of Interest. (1893, Aug. 10). Of interest to athletes. Leavenworth Weekly Times<\/em> KS, p.5.<\/p>\n

Office Wife. (1938, Dec. 18). \u2018Office wife\u2019 was punch drunk when she slew. Atlanta Constitution<\/em>, p.16A.<\/p>\n

Official Doctor. (1929, Feb. 8). Official urges doctor on every gridiron. New York Times<\/em>, p.25.<\/p>\n

Old Harvard. (1898, Jan. 27). Old Harvard\u2019s place. Boston Daily Globe<\/em>, p.1.<\/p>\n

Old Nassau. (1893, Nov. 5). Old Nassau won. New York World<\/em>, p.12.<\/p>\n

Old No. 39. (1940, Nov. 20). Old No. 39 has one more official \u2018run\u2019 to make. Christian Science Monitor<\/em>, p.15.<\/p>\n

O\u2019Hara, B. (1908, Jan. 12). Lightweights in limelight now. Detroit Free Press<\/em>, p.15.<\/p>\n

On Field. (1890, Nov. 16). On the football field. New York Tribune<\/em>, p.16.<\/p>\n

On Gridiron. (1894, Nov. 11). On the gridiron. Salt Lake Herald<\/em> UT, p.8.<\/p>\n

On Screen. (1932, July 18). On the screen. New York Herald Tribune<\/em>, p.8.<\/p>\n

Oriard, M. (1993). Reading Football: How the Popular Press Created an American Spectacle<\/em>. University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill, NC.<\/p>\n

Oriard, M. (2001). King Football: Sport & Spectacle in the Golden Age of Radio & Newsreels, Movies & Magazines, The Weekly & The Daily Press<\/em>. University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill, NC.<\/p>\n

Osnato, M. (1929, May 14-17). The Role of Trauma in Various Neuropsychiatric Conditions<\/em>. Presentation for American Psychiatric Association, Atlanta, GA.<\/p>\n

Osnato, M., & Giliberti, V. (1927, March). Postconcussion neurosis-traumatic encephalitis: A conception of postconcussion phenomena. Archives and Neurology & Psychiatry<\/em>, 18 (2), pp.181-214.<\/p>\n

Osteopath Tells. (1915, Jan. 30). Osteopath tells of clouded minds cleared by relieving nerve pressure. Fort Scott Daily Monitor<\/em> KS, p.8.<\/p>\n

Paragraphic Punches. (1897, Nov. 24). Paragraphic punches. Chicago Inter Ocean<\/em>, p.6.<\/p>\n

Paragraphs Films. (1936, May 31). Paragraphs on Brooklyn films. Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>, p.41.<\/p>\n

Parrot, H.E. (1931, Dec. 9). Poor conditioning cause of epidemic of football injuries, says trainer. Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>, p.25.<\/p>\n

Parson-Boxer. (1929, Feb. 7). Parson-Boxer wanted to throw wife out of window: Punch-drunk. Portsmouth Daily Times<\/em> OH, p.16.<\/p>\n

Payne, C.H. (1893, Jan. 11). The morals of intercollegiate games. Raleigh Christian Advocate<\/em> NC, p.1.<\/p>\n

Pearce, J.M.S. (2008, February). Observations on concussion: A review. European Neurology<\/em>, 59 (3-4), pp.113-119.<\/p>\n

Peck, T. (1936, Oct. 31). Michigan will meet Illinois. Escanaba Daily Press<\/em> MI, p.16.<\/p>\n

Pennsylvania Favors. (1893, Dec. 10). Pennsylvania favors a change. New York World<\/em>, p.12.<\/p>\n

Pennsylvania Legislature. (1897, Feb. 26). Pennsylvania legislature. New Bethlehem Vindicator<\/em> PA, p.8.<\/p>\n

People Events. (1895, Feb. 14). People and events. Chicago Inter Ocean<\/em>, p.6.<\/p>\n

Perry, L. (1929, Feb. 18). For the game\u2019s sake. Altoona Mirror<\/em> PA, p.15.<\/p>\n

Pigskin Pickings. (1933, Oct. 13). Pigskin pickings. San Bernardino County Sun<\/em> CA, p.18.<\/p>\n

Pitcher Morris. (1887, Oct. 16). Pitcher Morris severely injured. Chicago Daily Tribune<\/em>, p.13.<\/p>\n

Plastic Helmet. (1940, Nov. 3). Plastic football helmet used by Northwestern. Kingsport Times<\/em> TN, p.7.<\/p>\n

Plumb, R.K. (1960, June 22). Neurosurgeons study knockout physiology. New York Times<\/em>, p.38.<\/p>\n

Polakoff, J. (1935, Oct. 24). Polley\u2019s chatter. Scranton Republican<\/em> PA, p.16.<\/p>\n

Post Mortems. (1932, Dec. 28). Post mortems. Washington Post<\/em>, p.11.<\/p>\n

Povich, S. (1937, Jan. 11). This morning\u2026 with Shirley Povich. Washington Post<\/em>, p.14.<\/p>\n

Povich, S. (1937, Oct. 20). At the free lunch for overgrown kids. Washington Post<\/em>, p.19.<\/p>\n

Pratt Drops. (1906, Oct. 26). Pratt drops football because of danger. Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>, p.1.<\/p>\n

Present Rules. (1926, Jan. 2). Present football rules are satisfactory in opinion of the Football Coaches Ass’n. Bryan Eagle<\/em> TX, p.3.<\/p>\n

President\u2019s Day. (1907, Feb. 24). President\u2019s busy day in Boston and in Cambridge. Boston Daily Globe<\/em>, p.1.<\/p>\n

Press Box. (1926, Nov. 10). The press box. Bluefield Daily Telegraph<\/em> WV.<\/p>\n

Princeton Re-Enforced. (1893, Nov. 20). Princeton is well re-enforced. Chicago Inter Ocean<\/em>, p.4.<\/p>\n

Princeton Wins. (1886, Nov. 14). Princeton wins again. New York Sun<\/em>, p.2.<\/p>\n

Princeton\u2019s Opening. (1889, Oct. 6). Philadelphia Times<\/em>, p.3.<\/p>\n

Princeton\u2019s Protest. (1887, Nov. 18). Princeton\u2019s foot-ball protest. Philadelphia Times<\/em>, p.1.<\/p>\n

Pringle Over. (1898, Nov. 25). Pringle went over line for a touchdown for the University of California. San Francisco Call<\/em>, p.2.<\/p>\n

Proceedings AFCA. (1937, Dec. 29). Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the American Football Coaches Association<\/em>. AFCA.<\/p>\n

Protesting Football. (1893, Dec. 1). Protesting against football. Allentown Leader<\/em> PA, p.4.<\/p>\n

Punch Drunk. (1928, Oct. 22). \u2018Punch drunk\u2019 may apply in other sports. Bismarck Tribune<\/em> ND, p.1.<\/p>\n

Punch Drunk. (1937, April 26). Punch drunk. Anniston Star<\/em> AL, p.4.<\/p>\n

Punch-Drunk Boxer. (1937, June 5). Punch-drunk boxer compensation claim fails. Sydney Morning Herald<\/em>, Australia.<\/p>\n

Punch-Drunk Football. (1937, Sept. 29). Punch-drunk football stars! Atlanta Constitution<\/em>, p.8.<\/p>\n

Punch-Drunk Forger. (1932, July 12). Punch-drunk forger gets parole here. Belvidere Republican-Northwestern<\/em> IL, p.6.<\/p>\n

Punch Drunkenness. (1928, Oct. 19). Punch drunkenness is found outside the boxing profession. Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>, p.31.<\/p>\n

Punch Drunkenness. (1957, Feb. 19). Punch drunkenness can cripple boxers for life. Oxnard Press-Courier<\/em> CA, p.11.<\/p>\n

Rah! Rah! (1889, Nov. 29). Rah! Rah! Rah! Rah! Cincinnati Enquirer<\/em>, p.2.<\/p>\n

Ralph Missing. (1892, Jan. 1). Ralph H. Warren missing. New York Sun<\/em>, p.2.<\/p>\n

Reading Kick. (1914, Dec. 3). Reading High kick blamed for crazy of Allentown. Reading Times<\/em> PA, p.1.<\/p>\n

Reddy, B. (1949, Aug. 25). Keeping posted. Syracuse Post-Standard<\/em> NY, p.12.<\/p>\n

Redskins Bothered. (1937, Dec. 11). Redskins bothered by wintry blasts. New York Times<\/em>, p.13.<\/p>\n

Reform Football. (1909, Jan. 16). Reform in football. New York Tribune<\/em>, p.10.<\/p>\n

Reformed Foot-Ball. (1894, Oct. 30). Reformed foot-ball. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle<\/em> NY, p.6.<\/p>\n

Reichert, J.L., Glasscock, E.L., Logan, G.B., Maksim, G., Moody, E.E., Shaffer, T.E., Stuart, H.C., & Yankauer, A. (1956, October). Report: Committee on school health: Competitive athletics: A statement of policy [American Academy of Pediatrics]. Pediatrics<\/em>, 18 (4), pp.672-76.<\/p>\n

Rice, G. (1926, Nov. 15). Notre Dame, Navy, Brown, Stanford, Lafayette, NYU, Alabama leading unbeaten elevens. New York Herald Tribune<\/em>, p.19.<\/p>\n

Rice, G. (1931, Dec. 5). Grantland Rice\u2019s sport light. Lincoln Evening Journal<\/em> NE, p.8.<\/p>\n

Rice, G. (1937, May 26). If kid has any knack, boxing is career, Leonard tells Rice. Baltimore Sun<\/em>, p.19.<\/p>\n

Richards, E.L. (1894, October). The football situation. Popular Science Monthly<\/em>, 45, pp.721-33.<\/p>\n

Richardson, W.D. (1940, Oct. 23). LaManna and Frank to see action for N.Y.U. on Saturday. New York Times<\/em>, p.29.<\/p>\n

Rigid Exams. (1962, Jan. 11). Rigid exams urged for grid players. Ogden Standard-Examiner<\/em> UT, p.24.<\/p>\n

Ring Official. (1936, Sept. 17). Ring official once fought as a pro. Washington Post<\/em>, p.X19.<\/p>\n

Ripley, R.L. (1919, Aug. 25). Gameness is usually associated with boxing. Houston Post<\/em>, p.7.<\/p>\n

Rising Deaths. (1961, Oct. 13). Rising grid deaths cause concern. Kansas City Times<\/em>, p.30.<\/p>\n

Roosevelt Crusade. (1905, Oct. 10). Roosevelt in new crusade. Chicago Tribune<\/em>, p.1.<\/p>\n

Roosevelt Robe. (1910, May 27). Roosevelt in red robe. Baltimore Sun<\/em>, p.2.<\/p>\n

Rules Exercise. (1891, May 3). Rules of exercise. Pittsburgh Dispatch<\/em>, p.10.<\/p>\n

Rules Manly. (1883, Nov. 24). Rules for a manly sport. New York Times<\/em>, p.4.<\/p>\n

Runyon, D. (1929, Nov. 7). Runyon says. Harrisburg Evening News<\/em> PA, p.28.<\/p>\n

Russell, D. (1962, Feb. 1). Rustlin\u2019 sports: Trainers meeting will get attention. Albuquerque Journal<\/em>, p.15.<\/p>\n

Ryan, A.J. (1962, Sept. 2). Let\u2019s stop football tragedies. The Week<\/em> magazine, Salt Lake Tribune<\/em>, p.95.<\/p>\n

Safer Football. (1906, Nov. 27). Safer football. Hutchinson News<\/em> KS, p.2.<\/p>\n

Safer Football. (1909, Dec. 22). Safer football aim of experts. Bismarck Tribune<\/em> ND, p.10.<\/p>\n

Says Dangerous. (1906, July 3). Says athletics are dangerous to life. Indianapolis News<\/em>, p.10.<\/p>\n

Says Insane. (1928, March 13). Says he was insane when he killed wife. Wilkes-Barre Evening News<\/em> PA, p.21.<\/p>\n

Savage, H.J., Bentley, H.W., McGovern, J.T., & Smiley, D.F. (1929). American College Athletics: Bulletin Number Twenty-Three<\/em>. Carnegie Foundation: New York.<\/p>\n

Saxton Case. (1962, Feb. 8). Saxton case dismissed. New York Times<\/em>, p.20.<\/p>\n

Schneider, R.C., Reifel, E., Crisler, H.O., & Oosterbaan, B.G. (1961, Aug. 12). Serious and fatal football injuries involving the head and spinal cord. Journal of the American Medical Association<\/em>, 177 (6), pp.362-67.<\/p>\n

Schuylkill Victory. (1928, Oct. 15). Schuylkill victory not as impressive as score indicates. Reading Times<\/em> PA, p.13.<\/p>\n

Scraps. (1887, Dec. 2). \u201cScraps.\u201d Indianapolis News<\/em>, p.2.<\/p>\n

Scrimmages Harmful. (1931, Oct. 17). Scrimmages harmful to team, Michigan State coach asserts. New York Times<\/em>, p.18.<\/p>\n

Scully Claims. (1937, Sept. 29). Scully claims that football changes players into \u2018stumble backs,\u2019 half-wits. Columbia Daily Spectator<\/em> NY, p.3.<\/p>\n

Season Close. (1909, Nov. 27). Season just closed most disastrous in history of football; 29 men killed. Topeka Daily Capital<\/em> KS, p.1.<\/p>\n

Sembower, J.F. (1961, Nov. 22) Players \u201cwired\u201d for sound probe cause of grid hurts. Circleville Herald<\/em> OH, p.15.<\/p>\n

Sheldon Ban. (1910, Jan. 22). Sheldon would put ban on high school game. Indianapolis News<\/em>, p.8.<\/p>\n

Shell-Shock Misnomer. (1931, Aug. 10). Shell-shock misnomer. Valparaiso Vidette-Messenger<\/em> IN, p.4.<\/p>\n

Shock Battle. (1915, June 8). Shock of battle causes rare ills. Bremen Enquirer<\/em> IN, p.4.<\/p>\n

Sidney Blackmer. (1920, May 30). Sidney Blackmer trains for stage as he did when playing football, he says. New York Tribune<\/em>, p.B1.<\/p>\n

Sideline Slants. (1937, Oct. 5). Sideline slants. Stanford Daily<\/em> CA, p.3.<\/p>\n

Sixty-Two Safer. (1905, Dec. 29). Sixty-two colleges for safer football. Harrisburg Daily Independent<\/em> PA, p.4.<\/p>\n

Smith, D.K. (1963, April 9). No butting. Ames Daily Tribune<\/em> IA, p.9.<\/p>\n

Smith, R. (1957, Dec. 25). Red Smith. New York Herald Tribune<\/em>, p.B1.<\/p>\n

Some Ex-Fighters. (1930, Aug. 11). Some ex-fighters on Easy Street. Daily Boston Globe<\/em>, p.9.<\/p>\n

Sport Comments. (1934, Jan. 5). Sport comments. De Kalb Daily Chronicle<\/em> IL, p.6.<\/p>\n

Sport Tips. (1938, Sept. 21). Sport tips. Frederick News<\/em> MD, p.6.<\/p>\n

Sporting News. (1901, Feb. 4). Sporting news in general. Oshkosh Daily Northwestern<\/em> WI, p.3.<\/p>\n

Sports Air. (1887, Nov. 27). Sports in the open air. New York Tribune<\/em>, p.2.<\/p>\n

St. John\u2019s Prepping. (1933, Oct. 25). St. John\u2019s is prepping for Hopkins game. Hagerstown Daily Mail<\/em> MD, p.7.<\/p>\n

Starnes, R. (1961, Nov. 24). Richard Starnes says: Football has its tragedies. Delaware County Times<\/em> PA, p.4.<\/p>\n

Steelton Wins. (1904, Oct. 31). Steelton wins by one point. Harrisburg Telegraph<\/em> PA, p.6.<\/p>\n

Steps Suggested. (1961, Oct. 14). Steps for curbing accidents suggested. Corpus Christi Caller<\/em> TX, p.21.<\/p>\n

Stevens, M.A., & Phelps, W.M. (1933). The Control of Football Injuries<\/em>. A.S. Barnes and Company: New York.<\/p>\n

Stop Tragedies. (1931, Dec. 10). Stop these football tragedies! Canandaigua Daily Messenger<\/em> NY, p.10.<\/p>\n

Strong Words. (1905, Nov. 27). Strong words from U. of C. Chicago Tribune<\/em>, p.2.<\/p>\n

Stroop, J.R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology<\/em>, 18, pp.643-62.<\/p>\n

Students Stop. (1909, Nov. 2). Students stop all athletics. Scranton Truth<\/em> PA, p.9.<\/p>\n

Suicide Story. (1905, Dec. 1). Suicide story an absurdity, Clark says. Minneapolis Journal<\/em>, p.14.<\/p>\n

Surgeons Score. (1906, Jan. 6). Surgeons score gridiron sport. Greensboro Daily Industrial News<\/em> NC, p.3.<\/p>\n

Sustains Injury. (1914, Nov. 24). Sustains curious football injury. Escanaba Morning Press<\/em> MI, p.5.<\/p>\n

Swords Gloves. (1930, May 30). Swords and gloves. Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>, p.16.<\/p>\n

Sylvester, H. (1935, Sept. 8). Sporting chances. New York Herald Tribune<\/em>, p.SM16.<\/p>\n

Tackling Rule. (1908, Nov. 7). Tackling not now a matter of strict rule. St. Louis Post-Dispatch<\/em>, p.6.<\/p>\n

Taube, M. (1940, Nov. 3). Gridiron success is achieved by faithful practice of fundamentals. Hartford Courant<\/em> CT, p.D3.<\/p>\n

Tech Suggests. (1909, Nov. 23). Tech suggest rule changes. Atlanta Constitution<\/em>, p.10.<\/p>\n

Telander, R. (1989). The Hundred Yard lie: The Corruption of College Football and What We Can Do to Stop It<\/em>. Simon and Schuster: New York.<\/p>\n

Tells Insanity. (1909, Nov. 27). Tells of insanity in Ellis family. Daily Arkansas Gazette<\/em>, p.1.<\/p>\n

The Bag. (1893, Sept. 23). The tackling bag. San Francisco Chronicle<\/em>, p.9.<\/p>\n

The Century. (1887, Sept. 27). The Century for October. Easton Star-Democrat<\/em> PA, p.3.<\/p>\n

The Cumnock. (1890, Nov. 2). The Cumnock nose mask. New York Times<\/em>, p.2.<\/p>\n

The Deadly. (1902, Dec. 13). The deadly pigskin. Atlanta Constitution<\/em>, p.6.<\/p>\n

The Faults. (1893, Nov. 27). The faults at football. New York Sun<\/em>, p.6.<\/p>\n

The Foot Ball Rules. (1894, May 30). [No headline or byline for stand-alone text in column.] Fort Scott Daily Monitor<\/em> KS, p.2.<\/p>\n

The Footballs. (1888, Nov. 29). The footballs. New York Evening World<\/em>, p.1.<\/p>\n

The Game. (1892, Dec. 19). The football game. San Francisco Morning Call<\/em>, p.4.<\/p>\n

The Growth. (1894, Oct. 28). The growth of football. New York Sun<\/em>, p.20.<\/p>\n

The New. (1906, Oct. 12). The new football. New York Times<\/em>, p.8.<\/p>\n

The News. (1894, Jan. 6). The news in brief. San Bernardino Weekly Courier<\/em> CA, p.6.<\/p>\n

The Toll. (1912, Jan. 13). Winnipeg Tribune<\/em>, Manitoba, Canada, p.4.<\/p>\n

The Sport. (1889, Nov. 19). The sport of the season. Wilkes-Barre Evening News<\/em> PA, p.2.<\/p>\n

Theodore Hurt. (1905, Nov. 19). Theodore hurt in game: President\u2019s son carried from the field unable to stir. Washington Post<\/em>, p.3.<\/p>\n

They Can\u2019t. (1894, Dec. 28). The can\u2019t slug now. Chicago Daily Tribune<\/em>, p.1.<\/p>\n

This Game. (1895, Nov. 2). This game will show. Chicago Inter Ocean<\/em>, p.4.<\/p>\n

Tigers Win. (1899, Nov. 26). Tigers win great game. Chicago Daily Tribune<\/em>, p.17.<\/p>\n

To Reform. (1897, Dec. 10). To reform the game of football. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle<\/em> NY, p.23.<\/p>\n

To Make. (1894, Jan. 2). To make football less brutal. Kansas City Gazette<\/em> KS, p.3.<\/p>\n

Training For. (1899, Oct. 29). Training for football. Detroit Free Press<\/em>, p.C3.<\/p>\n

Transit Company. (1912, Aug. 31). Transit Company employees\u2019 outing. Allentown Democrat<\/em> PA, p.1.<\/p>\n

Trevor, G. (1925, Feb. 4). Centre College\u2019s famous tackle may yet wear Dempsey\u2019s crown. Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>, p.19.<\/p>\n

Trotter, W. (1924, May 10). On certain minor injuries of the brain. British Medical Journal<\/em>, 1 (3306), pp.816-19.<\/p>\n

Tunney Backs. (1937, Feb. 5). Tunney backs school boxing. Baltimore Sun<\/em>, p.16.<\/p>\n

Two Football Players. (1909, Oct. 11). [No headline or byline for stand-alone text in column.] Asbury Park Press<\/em> NJ, p.4.<\/p>\n

UM Surgeon. (1961, May 3). U-M surgeon suggests four changes in football helmets. Traverse City Record-Eagle<\/em> MI, p.18.<\/p>\n

Uncle Sam. (1941, July 31). Uncle Sam adopts sort of helmets used by gridders. Uniontown Evening Standard<\/em> PA, p.10.<\/p>\n

Van Dellen, T.R. (1963, Feb. 2). Boxing is not worth misery. Lake Charles American-Press<\/em> LA, p.11.<\/p>\n

Vicious Aggies. (1940, Nov. 17). Vicious Aggies gridmen trample Rice with power. Hartford Courant<\/em> CT, p.C5.<\/p>\n

Vidmar, R. (1939, Nov. 19). Down in front. New York Herald Tribune<\/em>, p.B8.<\/p>\n

Vital Changes. (1912, Feb. 14). Vital changes in football code. Honolulu Evening Bulletin<\/em>, p.9.<\/p>\n

Walsh, G. (1961, Nov. 6). 18 football deaths: Is it the helmet? Sports Illustrated<\/em>, 15 (21) , pp.24-25.<\/p>\n

Walter Camp. (1894, Jan. 20). Walter Camp favors new rules. Chicago Inter Ocean<\/em>, p.6.<\/p>\n

Walton, G. L. (1883, October 11). Possible cerebral origin of the symptoms usually classed under \u201crailway brain.\u201d Boston Medical and Surgical Journal<\/em>, 109 (15), pp.337-42.<\/p>\n

War Pathologist. (1916, Oct. 6). War not near end, says pathologist, back in U.S. Indianapolis Star<\/em>, p.7.<\/p>\n

Warburg, J.R. (1932, Nov. 15). Talk about bridge. Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>, p.19.<\/p>\n

Was Injured. (1900, Dec. 1). Was seriously injured. Philadelphia Times<\/em>, p.5.<\/p>\n

Watterson, J.S. (2000). College Football: History, Spectacle, Controversy<\/em>. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore.<\/p>\n

Weak Defense. (1898, Oct. 23). Weak in defense. Chicago Daily Tribune<\/em>, p.30.<\/p>\n

Wesleyan Last. (1888, Nov. 30). Wesleyan comes last. New York Tribune<\/em>, p.8.<\/p>\n

Wesleyan Rear. (1888, Nov. 30). Wesleyan in the rear. New York Times<\/em>, p.8.<\/p>\n

Wesleyan Wins. (1887, Nov. 25). Wesleyan wins: A very rough game in which Pennsylvania is defeated. Saint Paul Globe<\/em>, p.1.<\/p>\n

Wesleyan Wins. (1889, Nov. 29). Wesleyan wins. Lebanon Daily News<\/em> PA, p.1.<\/p>\n

Westwick\u2019s Sport. (1955, Aug. 9). Westwick\u2019s in the realm of sport. Ottawa Journal<\/em>, Ontario, Canada, p.16.<\/p>\n

Weyand, A.M.(1926). American Football<\/em>. D. Appleton and Company: New York.<\/p>\n

Where Killed. (1909, Nov. 2). Where the man\u2014not the beast\u2014is killed. Atlanta Constitution, p.6.<\/p>\n

Why Fall. (1934, Nov. 6). Why stars fall. Albany Democrat-Herald<\/em> GA, p.4.<\/p>\n

Will Play. (1910, Nov. 10). Will play old rivals. Allentown Democrat<\/em> PA, p.8.<\/p>\n

Wines, F.H. (1895, Dec. 1). Cure for madness. New Orleans Times-Picayune<\/em>, p.27.<\/p>\n

Winkelman, N.W., & Eckel, J.L. (1934, May). Brain trauma: Histopathology during the early stages. Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry<\/em>, 31 (5), pp.956-986.<\/p>\n

Wisconsin Favorite. (1928, Nov. 24). Wisconsin is favorite. Bismarck Tribune<\/em> ND, p.4.<\/p>\n

Wolgast Guardian. (1917, April 3). Guardian for Wolgast. Wichita Beagle<\/em> KS, p.7.<\/p>\n

Yale End. (1904, Oct. 9). Yale loses end rush McMahon. Chicago Daily Tribune<\/em>, p.3.<\/p>\n

Yale Harvard. (1890, Nov. 18). Pittsburgh Daily Post<\/em>, p.6.<\/p>\n

Yale Hero. (1901, Nov. 26). Yale hero taken home. Chicago Daily Tribune<\/em>, p.6.<\/p>\n

Yale Princeton. (1892, Nov. 23). Yale vs. Princeton. New Castle News<\/em> PA, p.1.<\/p>\n

Yale\u2019s Turn. (1887, Nov. 20). Yale\u2019s turn to yell. Chicago Inter Ocean<\/em>, p.1.<\/p>\n

Young Boxers. (1932, Sept. 21). Young boxers exploited for gain become punch drunk wrecks. Boston Globe<\/em>, p.23.<\/p>\n

Young, S. (1942, Sept. 16). Canadian sport snapshots. Winnipeg Tribune<\/em>, Manitoba, Canada, p.17.<\/p>\n

Your Health. (1936, July 6). Your health. Monongahela Daily Republican<\/em> PA, p.2.<\/p>\n

Youth Football. (1959, Aug. 30). Youth football out. San Bernardino County Sun<\/em> CA, p.56.<\/p>\n

Zero Score. (1894, Oct. 28). Zero was the score. San Francisco Chronicle<\/em>, p.17.<\/p>\n

Copyright \u00a92016 for historical arrangement by Matthew L. Chaney<\/p>\n

Matt Chaney is a writer, researcher and consultant on public issues in sport, specializing in American football for three decades. Chaney, an MA in media studies, is a former college football player and coach whose books include\u00a0<\/em>Spiral of Denial: Muscle Doping in American Football<\/a>,\u00a0self-published in<\/em>\u00a02009<\/a>.\u00a0Chaney\u2019s study for graduate thesis, co-published with the University of Central Missouri in 2001, analyzed print sport-media coverage of anabolic substances\u00a0in football from 1983-1999. Email him at\u00a0<\/em>mattchaney@fourwallspublishing.com<\/a>\u00a0or visit the website for more information.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Today\u2019s football officials like NFL commissioner Roger Goodell tout their safety measures as new, including Heads Up “technique\u201d for headless hitting\u2014but historical news and medical literature tell a different story Brain Injury in American Football: 130 Years of Knowledge and Denial Part Three\u00a0in a Series By Matt Chaney, ChaneysBlog.com Posted Wednesday, May 11, 2016 Copyright\u00a0\u00a92016 … Continue reading Football Helmets, ‘HEADS UP’ THEORY and Brain Disease, 1883-1962<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":"","jetpack_publicize_message":""},"categories":[260,259,3,258,4,1],"tags":[268,144,280,265,95,162,264,273,203,40,66,282,62,8,278,271,272,277,146,58,281,89,270,261,262,267,279,266,139,130,87,131,5,218,276,138,43,168,36,163,275,37,204,274,238,263,49,70,269,6,240,27],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4ywFp-cR","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/fourwallspublishing.com\/BlogMChaney\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/797"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/fourwallspublishing.com\/BlogMChaney\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/fourwallspublishing.com\/BlogMChaney\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/fourwallspublishing.com\/BlogMChaney\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/fourwallspublishing.com\/BlogMChaney\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=797"}],"version-history":[{"count":113,"href":"http:\/\/fourwallspublishing.com\/BlogMChaney\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/797\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4544,"href":"http:\/\/fourwallspublishing.com\/BlogMChaney\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/797\/revisions\/4544"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/fourwallspublishing.com\/BlogMChaney\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=797"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/fourwallspublishing.com\/BlogMChaney\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=797"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/fourwallspublishing.com\/BlogMChaney\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=797"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}